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<p>Madao is a kind of chariot horse crest comprising tassels wound on sticks mounted to oval wooden bases affixed to the foreheads of horses. To reveal complex materials and techniques of Madao artifacts, the study employs a range of approaches including polarized light microscopy, SEM-EDS, XRD, and THM-Py-GC/MS. The results indicated that wooden oval bases were composed of a ground layer and a lacquer layer. Microscopic analysis confirmed that the crushed and size-sorted clay particles were identified as unheated natural clays serving as inorganic fillers in the ground layer. The lacquer coated on the wooden base was urushiol-based lacquer without drying oils modified. Besides, tassels were also characterized by consisting of <i>Hydrophasianus chirurgus</i> feathers secured with bast fibers. These results demonstrate how Chu artisans engineered composite materials to meet the specific performance requirements of horse components.</p>

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Multiple analytical characterization of Madao chariot horse crests from a Chu noble tomb

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月7日

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  • Lulu Li,
  • Yingchun Fu,
  • Yaoyao Zhang,
  • Jianye Liu,
  • Shuya Wei

摘要

Madao is a kind of chariot horse crest comprising tassels wound on sticks mounted to oval wooden bases affixed to the foreheads of horses. To reveal complex materials and techniques of Madao artifacts, the study employs a range of approaches including polarized light microscopy, SEM-EDS, XRD, and THM-Py-GC/MS. The results indicated that wooden oval bases were composed of a ground layer and a lacquer layer. Microscopic analysis confirmed that the crushed and size-sorted clay particles were identified as unheated natural clays serving as inorganic fillers in the ground layer. The lacquer coated on the wooden base was urushiol-based lacquer without drying oils modified. Besides, tassels were also characterized by consisting of Hydrophasianus chirurgus feathers secured with bast fibers. These results demonstrate how Chu artisans engineered composite materials to meet the specific performance requirements of horse components.