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<p>White and black biofilms threatened the wall paintings in UNESCO-listed Maijishan Grottoes. This study investigates these biofilms for viability, composition, functional groups, and degradation potential. The results revealed <i>Scopulariopsis</i> and unclassified_Eurotiomycetes as the core fungal taxa in black and white biofilms, respectively. Fluorescence microscopy and RNA-based high-throughput sequencing proved that white biofilms exhibited higher viability. In addition, we isolated <i>Arachnomyces</i> sp. (unclassified_Eurotiomycetes) as the dominant strain in white biofilms. Laboratory assays demonstrated that <i>Arachnomyces</i> sp. has strong capacities to degrade cellulose, gelatin, casein, and keratin, indicating its biodeterioration of wall paintings. Furthermore, black biofilms were dominated by dung saprotrophic fungi, likely introduced through animal activities within the grottoes. Our findings underscore that the divergences in fungal composition between black and white biofilms are driven by microenvironmental factors, substrate properties, animal activities and ecological selections. The interplay of microbial dispersal and environmental selection shapes biofilms, and microenvironmental control is the essential targeted strategy.</p><p></p>

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Fungal community structure and viability in biofilms on wall paintings of the Maijishan Grottoes

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月6日

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  • Wenxia Ma,
  • Fasi Wu,
  • Dongpeng He,
  • Ji-Dong Gu,
  • Yuxin Chen,
  • Yongqiang Yue,
  • Lina Xu,
  • Qi Zhang,
  • Xiaoyan Yang,
  • Huyuan Feng

摘要

White and black biofilms threatened the wall paintings in UNESCO-listed Maijishan Grottoes. This study investigates these biofilms for viability, composition, functional groups, and degradation potential. The results revealed Scopulariopsis and unclassified_Eurotiomycetes as the core fungal taxa in black and white biofilms, respectively. Fluorescence microscopy and RNA-based high-throughput sequencing proved that white biofilms exhibited higher viability. In addition, we isolated Arachnomyces sp. (unclassified_Eurotiomycetes) as the dominant strain in white biofilms. Laboratory assays demonstrated that Arachnomyces sp. has strong capacities to degrade cellulose, gelatin, casein, and keratin, indicating its biodeterioration of wall paintings. Furthermore, black biofilms were dominated by dung saprotrophic fungi, likely introduced through animal activities within the grottoes. Our findings underscore that the divergences in fungal composition between black and white biofilms are driven by microenvironmental factors, substrate properties, animal activities and ecological selections. The interplay of microbial dispersal and environmental selection shapes biofilms, and microenvironmental control is the essential targeted strategy.