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<p>Cognitive decline and dementia are major challenges in aging societies. Open-skill exercise (OSE), characterized by unpredictable environments requiring rapid perceptual–cognitive–motor adaptation, has emerged as a promising approach for cognitive health. However, systematic cross-sport comparisons remain scarce. This study evaluated eight OSEs—tennis, table tennis, badminton, basketball, volleyball, soccer, baseball, and non-combat judo—using a multidimensional framework to assess their relative suitability for cognitive health promotion and community implementation among older adults. A multi-criteria decision analysis was conducted using eight criteria covering key cognitive, physical, social, safety, operational, sustainability, and digital aspects. Cognitive load was quantified using an explicitly defined composite metric, with all criteria normalized and weighted for dementia prevention relevance. Scores were then integrated to derive an overall composite suitability score for each sport. Table tennis achieved the highest overall score, reflecting a favorable balance across cognitive, safety, feasibility, sustainability, and digital domains, while maintaining relatively low physical demand. Soccer ranked second, driven by high physical intensity and strong social interaction, while badminton ranked third with a balanced cognitive–physical profile. Basketball and volleyball demonstrated comparable intermediate suitability, whereas tennis ranked lower, reflecting a more modest overall profile without strongly dominant attributes. In contrast, baseball and non-combat judo ranked lowest, reflecting lower composite cognitive demand and greater implementation constraints. Differences among several mid-ranked sports were small, indicating broadly comparable profiles rather than a strict hierarchical separation. Cognitive and physical demands showed only partial correspondence, highlighting the need for multidimensional evaluation. These findings support diversified and context-sensitive OSE strategies for promoting cognitive, physical, and social resilience in aging populations. Such approaches may enable tailored intervention design by aligning sport-specific characteristics with individual functional capacity, preferences, and environmental constraints, thereby enhancing feasibility, adherence, and overall public health impact.</p>

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A multi-criteria decision analysis of open-skill exercise-based sports for cognitive health promotion in older adults

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月16日

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  • Takao Yamasaki,
  • Kazuto Hamaguchi,
  • Takuro Ikeda,
  • Shigetada Hiraoka,
  • Shuzo Kumagai

摘要

Cognitive decline and dementia are major challenges in aging societies. Open-skill exercise (OSE), characterized by unpredictable environments requiring rapid perceptual–cognitive–motor adaptation, has emerged as a promising approach for cognitive health. However, systematic cross-sport comparisons remain scarce. This study evaluated eight OSEs—tennis, table tennis, badminton, basketball, volleyball, soccer, baseball, and non-combat judo—using a multidimensional framework to assess their relative suitability for cognitive health promotion and community implementation among older adults. A multi-criteria decision analysis was conducted using eight criteria covering key cognitive, physical, social, safety, operational, sustainability, and digital aspects. Cognitive load was quantified using an explicitly defined composite metric, with all criteria normalized and weighted for dementia prevention relevance. Scores were then integrated to derive an overall composite suitability score for each sport. Table tennis achieved the highest overall score, reflecting a favorable balance across cognitive, safety, feasibility, sustainability, and digital domains, while maintaining relatively low physical demand. Soccer ranked second, driven by high physical intensity and strong social interaction, while badminton ranked third with a balanced cognitive–physical profile. Basketball and volleyball demonstrated comparable intermediate suitability, whereas tennis ranked lower, reflecting a more modest overall profile without strongly dominant attributes. In contrast, baseball and non-combat judo ranked lowest, reflecting lower composite cognitive demand and greater implementation constraints. Differences among several mid-ranked sports were small, indicating broadly comparable profiles rather than a strict hierarchical separation. Cognitive and physical demands showed only partial correspondence, highlighting the need for multidimensional evaluation. These findings support diversified and context-sensitive OSE strategies for promoting cognitive, physical, and social resilience in aging populations. Such approaches may enable tailored intervention design by aligning sport-specific characteristics with individual functional capacity, preferences, and environmental constraints, thereby enhancing feasibility, adherence, and overall public health impact.