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<p>Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) is recognized as an efficient green extraction technique for isolating bioactive compounds from plant materials. This study aimed to optimize the extraction of polyphenolic and antioxidant compounds from <i>Eucalyptus citriodora</i> leaves using hydrophilic and hydrophobic natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDES). The hydrophilic DES, glycerol-choline chloride (GCC), diluted with water, and the hydrophobic DES, camphor-thymol (CT), diluted with acetonitrile, were compared using response surface methodology (RSM) based on the Box-Behnken design. The effects of DES concentration, microwave power and extraction time were studied on total phenolic content (TPC, mg gallic acid equivalents/g dry weight (mg GAE/g DW)), total flavonoid content (TFC, mg rutin equivalents/g DW (mg RE/g DW)), DPPH radical scavenging activity (DPPH, mg ascorbic acid equivalents/g DW (mg AAE/g DW), ABTS radical scavenging activity (ABTS<sup>•+</sup>, mg trolox equivalents/g DW (mg TE/g DW), and metal chelating activity (MCA, mg ethylenediaminetetraacetate equivalents/g DW (mg EDTAE/g DW)). Statistical analysis indicated significant effects of extraction variables on the recovery of bioactive compounds. MAE-GCC had optimal predicted TPC, TFC, DPPH, ABTS<sup>•+</sup>, and MCA 137.49&#xa0;mg GAE/g DW, 12.17&#xa0;mg RE/g DW, 27.08&#xa0;mg AAE/g DW, 11.57&#xa0;mg TE/g DW, and 21.38&#xa0;mg EDTAE/g DW, respectively, and MAE-CT had 48.35&#xa0;mg GAE/g DW, 61.72&#xa0;mg RE/g DW, 28.38&#xa0;mg AAE/g DW, 0.17&#xa0;mg TE/g DW, and 23.39&#xa0;mg EDTAE/g DW, respectively. Thus, the choice of DES significantly influenced the extraction efficiency of different bioactive compounds. MAE-GCC was particularly suitable for extracting phenolics, and ABTS<sup>•+</sup> active compounds, while MAE-CT was more effective for flavonoid extraction and DPPH and MCA active compounds. The developed quadratic models demonstrated high reliability with significant coefficients of determination (R<sup>2</sup> &gt; 0.91). The results confirm that MAE coupled with GCC or CT can be selected as a sustainable extraction strategy depending on the nature of target biomolecules from <i>E. citriodora</i> leaves.</p>

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Microwave-assisted extraction of phenolic and antioxidant compounds from Eucalyptus citriodora leaves using hydrophilic and hydrophobic natural deep eutectic solvents

  • 期刊论文

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月14日

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  • Mariyam Asif,
  • Dildar Ahmed

摘要

Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) is recognized as an efficient green extraction technique for isolating bioactive compounds from plant materials. This study aimed to optimize the extraction of polyphenolic and antioxidant compounds from Eucalyptus citriodora leaves using hydrophilic and hydrophobic natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDES). The hydrophilic DES, glycerol-choline chloride (GCC), diluted with water, and the hydrophobic DES, camphor-thymol (CT), diluted with acetonitrile, were compared using response surface methodology (RSM) based on the Box-Behnken design. The effects of DES concentration, microwave power and extraction time were studied on total phenolic content (TPC, mg gallic acid equivalents/g dry weight (mg GAE/g DW)), total flavonoid content (TFC, mg rutin equivalents/g DW (mg RE/g DW)), DPPH radical scavenging activity (DPPH, mg ascorbic acid equivalents/g DW (mg AAE/g DW), ABTS radical scavenging activity (ABTS•+, mg trolox equivalents/g DW (mg TE/g DW), and metal chelating activity (MCA, mg ethylenediaminetetraacetate equivalents/g DW (mg EDTAE/g DW)). Statistical analysis indicated significant effects of extraction variables on the recovery of bioactive compounds. MAE-GCC had optimal predicted TPC, TFC, DPPH, ABTS•+, and MCA 137.49 mg GAE/g DW, 12.17 mg RE/g DW, 27.08 mg AAE/g DW, 11.57 mg TE/g DW, and 21.38 mg EDTAE/g DW, respectively, and MAE-CT had 48.35 mg GAE/g DW, 61.72 mg RE/g DW, 28.38 mg AAE/g DW, 0.17 mg TE/g DW, and 23.39 mg EDTAE/g DW, respectively. Thus, the choice of DES significantly influenced the extraction efficiency of different bioactive compounds. MAE-GCC was particularly suitable for extracting phenolics, and ABTS•+ active compounds, while MAE-CT was more effective for flavonoid extraction and DPPH and MCA active compounds. The developed quadratic models demonstrated high reliability with significant coefficients of determination (R2 > 0.91). The results confirm that MAE coupled with GCC or CT can be selected as a sustainable extraction strategy depending on the nature of target biomolecules from E. citriodora leaves.