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<p>Cement’s environmental footprint remains pivotal for the sustainability of buildings, given its energy-intensive production and high embodied greenhouse gas (GHG) burden. Understanding the synergies between emission control and climate mitigation in a co-benefit perspective is essential for advancing sustainable cement manufacturing. The broadened scope of environmental assessment by shifting attention beyond carbon metrics to include impacts on human health in an integrated approach enables the development of greener building materials, advancing both climate mitigation and public health objectives. Therefore, this study conducts a comprehensive cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA) study on the production of 1 tonne of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC), Portland Slag Cement (PSC), and Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC<sup>3</sup>) in India. Results reveal a significant impact on human health, measured in lost healthy life years. An in-depth investigation revealed that factors compromising human health included global warming potential (GWP) from CO2 and CH4, and emissions of fine particulate matter (PM), NOx, and SO2. This study substantiates that clinker reduction significantly lowers GWP, with emissions decreasing from 884 kgCO₂eq for OPC to 618.5 kgCO₂eq for PPC, 466 for PSC, and 568.7 kgCO₂eq for LC<sup>3</sup>. Meeting India’s cement demand exclusively with OPC (0.955 clinker) would result in a loss of 0.55 million healthy life years (MHLY), which reduces to 0.436 MHLY with a low clinker cement (0.716 clinker), and further drops to 0.355 MHLY with a complete shift to 100% blended cement, marking a 35.45% reduction in health impacts. The findings provide actionable insights for policymakers and industry to promote low-clinker strategies and accelerate manufacturing pathways towards healthier, low-carbon cement.</p>

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Climate co-benefits of blended cements in india: an integrated environmental and human health assessment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月7日

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  • Shipra Jain,
  • Ann Francis,
  • Shashank Bishnoi

摘要

Cement’s environmental footprint remains pivotal for the sustainability of buildings, given its energy-intensive production and high embodied greenhouse gas (GHG) burden. Understanding the synergies between emission control and climate mitigation in a co-benefit perspective is essential for advancing sustainable cement manufacturing. The broadened scope of environmental assessment by shifting attention beyond carbon metrics to include impacts on human health in an integrated approach enables the development of greener building materials, advancing both climate mitigation and public health objectives. Therefore, this study conducts a comprehensive cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA) study on the production of 1 tonne of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC), Portland Slag Cement (PSC), and Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) in India. Results reveal a significant impact on human health, measured in lost healthy life years. An in-depth investigation revealed that factors compromising human health included global warming potential (GWP) from CO2 and CH4, and emissions of fine particulate matter (PM), NOx, and SO2. This study substantiates that clinker reduction significantly lowers GWP, with emissions decreasing from 884 kgCO₂eq for OPC to 618.5 kgCO₂eq for PPC, 466 for PSC, and 568.7 kgCO₂eq for LC3. Meeting India’s cement demand exclusively with OPC (0.955 clinker) would result in a loss of 0.55 million healthy life years (MHLY), which reduces to 0.436 MHLY with a low clinker cement (0.716 clinker), and further drops to 0.355 MHLY with a complete shift to 100% blended cement, marking a 35.45% reduction in health impacts. The findings provide actionable insights for policymakers and industry to promote low-clinker strategies and accelerate manufacturing pathways towards healthier, low-carbon cement.