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<p>Work-time reduction is a policy with multiple benefits that can improve economic, social, and environmental outcomes. However, existing studies fail to consider changes in time use and consumption when assessing the socioeconomic and environmental effects of work-time reduction. In this study, by using time-use and input–output methods, we explore how changes in time use and consumption interact with CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, economic outputs, and employment, considering four potential half-workday reduction scenarios. Results demonstrate that, industrial emissions, outputs, and employment could increase by 2.24–2.41%, 2.99–4.08%, and 0.18–2.56% under the 2.5-day weekend and increasing public holidays due to the boost in tourism consumption, while they could increase by -0.05–-0.10%, 0.14–0.19%, and 0.37–1.07% under the half Wednesday off and workday 10% reduction. Household direct emissions would increase by 10.05–30.99% under the 2.5-day weekend and increasing public holiday, primarily due to tourist-driven car usage. Household&#xa0;emissions would rise by 1.33–1.47% under the half Wednesday off and workday 10% reduction, as employees tend to consume more energy at home. The findings suggest that, shifting to the 2.5-day weekend is the most favorable option when comprehensively considering economic, employment, and environmental impacts.</p>

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CO2 and socioeconomic impacts of working time reduction: a case study of 4.5-day workweek

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月11日

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  • Junjie Zhang,
  • Shiwei Yu,
  • Xing Hu

摘要

Work-time reduction is a policy with multiple benefits that can improve economic, social, and environmental outcomes. However, existing studies fail to consider changes in time use and consumption when assessing the socioeconomic and environmental effects of work-time reduction. In this study, by using time-use and input–output methods, we explore how changes in time use and consumption interact with CO2 emissions, economic outputs, and employment, considering four potential half-workday reduction scenarios. Results demonstrate that, industrial emissions, outputs, and employment could increase by 2.24–2.41%, 2.99–4.08%, and 0.18–2.56% under the 2.5-day weekend and increasing public holidays due to the boost in tourism consumption, while they could increase by -0.05–-0.10%, 0.14–0.19%, and 0.37–1.07% under the half Wednesday off and workday 10% reduction. Household direct emissions would increase by 10.05–30.99% under the 2.5-day weekend and increasing public holiday, primarily due to tourist-driven car usage. Household emissions would rise by 1.33–1.47% under the half Wednesday off and workday 10% reduction, as employees tend to consume more energy at home. The findings suggest that, shifting to the 2.5-day weekend is the most favorable option when comprehensively considering economic, employment, and environmental impacts.