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<p>Green nanotechnology offers promising alternatives to conventional agrochemicals and provides sustainable strategies to enhance crop productivity while minimizing environmental risks. In this study, iron oxide (Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were biosynthesized using plant extracts of <i>Catharanthus roseus</i>. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized to determine their physicochemical properties using FTIR, XRD, SEM, and DLS analyses. Their potential applications as plant growth stimulants and antibacterial agents were further investigated. Antibacterial activity was evaluated against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and <i>Escherichia coli</i> using disk diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays. The results demonstrated significant antimicrobial efficacy, with ZnO nanoparticles exhibiting particularly strong inhibitory effects. We also found that foliar application of synthesized Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> and ZnO NPs across concentrations of 10–100 mg/L enhanced biochemical traits in a dose-dependent manner, with the most pronounced effects at 100 mg/L, including significant increases in catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), proline, protein content, anthocyanins, and flavonoids. Notably, treatment with Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> NPs led to significant increases in proline, protein content, anthocyanins, and flavonoids by 85.41%, 45.76%, 60.8%, and 127.44%, respectively, compared to the control group, which was not significantly different from the concentration of 100 mg/L ZnO NPs. Overall, these results highlight that environmentally friendly synthesized Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> and ZnO NPs can serve as promising candidates for enhancing biochemical responses in plants and exhibit potent antibacterial activity, suggesting their potential for sustainable agricultural and environmental applications. This work provides insights into the development of nanomaterials with low toxicity and multifunctional benefits for plant health and environmental protection.</p> Graphical abstract <p>Illustrating the green synthesis of Fe3O4 and ZnO nanoparticles using Catharanthus roseus extract and their dual biological functions, including antibacterial activity and the modulation of physiological and biochemical traits in plants.</p> <p></p>

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The potential of green-synthesized Fe3O4 and ZnO NPs from Catharanthus roseus: Effects on physiological, biochemical, and antibacterial activity

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月4日

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  • Farnaz Ahmadi-Nouraldinvand,
  • Samira Solhi,
  • Seyed Yahya Salehi-Lisar,
  • Hashem Yaghoubi

摘要

Green nanotechnology offers promising alternatives to conventional agrochemicals and provides sustainable strategies to enhance crop productivity while minimizing environmental risks. In this study, iron oxide (Fe3O4) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were biosynthesized using plant extracts of Catharanthus roseus. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized to determine their physicochemical properties using FTIR, XRD, SEM, and DLS analyses. Their potential applications as plant growth stimulants and antibacterial agents were further investigated. Antibacterial activity was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli using disk diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays. The results demonstrated significant antimicrobial efficacy, with ZnO nanoparticles exhibiting particularly strong inhibitory effects. We also found that foliar application of synthesized Fe3O4 and ZnO NPs across concentrations of 10–100 mg/L enhanced biochemical traits in a dose-dependent manner, with the most pronounced effects at 100 mg/L, including significant increases in catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), proline, protein content, anthocyanins, and flavonoids. Notably, treatment with Fe3O4 NPs led to significant increases in proline, protein content, anthocyanins, and flavonoids by 85.41%, 45.76%, 60.8%, and 127.44%, respectively, compared to the control group, which was not significantly different from the concentration of 100 mg/L ZnO NPs. Overall, these results highlight that environmentally friendly synthesized Fe3O4 and ZnO NPs can serve as promising candidates for enhancing biochemical responses in plants and exhibit potent antibacterial activity, suggesting their potential for sustainable agricultural and environmental applications. This work provides insights into the development of nanomaterials with low toxicity and multifunctional benefits for plant health and environmental protection.

Graphical abstract

Illustrating the green synthesis of Fe3O4 and ZnO nanoparticles using Catharanthus roseus extract and their dual biological functions, including antibacterial activity and the modulation of physiological and biochemical traits in plants.