Anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-Alzheimer, anti-tyrosinase, antimicrobial, antioxidant activities of Verbascum josgadense

Verbascum josgadense, a locally endemic plant species, was investigated for its diverse bioactive properties, including anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-Alzheimer, anti-tyrosinase, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities. Methanolic extracts of the plant (leaf and flower) were subjected to a series of in vitro assays to evaluate their pharmacological potential. The anti-diabetic activity was assessed via α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition, revealing significant inhibitory effects suggestive of glucose-regulatory potential. Anti-inflammatory efficacy was determined through lipoxygenase and xanthine oxidase enzymes inhibition assays. The extract also demonstrated notable acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activities, suggesting its potential in the management of AD. Furthermore, tyrosinase inhibition assays indicated promising skin depigmentation properties, while antimicrobial tests against gram positive and gram negative pathogenic microorganisms revealed antibacterial activities. The enzymes tyrosinase and lipoxygenase were stronger inhibited by extract. Antioxidant potential was confirmed through DPPH, FRAP and TEAC assays, highlighting hydroxyl and superoxide radicals neutralizing capacity. In addition to all these parameters, total flavonoid and total phenolic substance content and phytochemical content were also examined. The values ​​of the leaf extract are higher in terms of all parameters examined. These findings suggest that V. josgadense is a promising source of natural bioactive compounds with multifunctional therapeutic potential, warranting further phytochemical and pharmacological investigations.