Integrative morpho-biochemical profiling differentiates Moroccan populations of endemic Euphorbia resinifera

Euphorbia resinifera is an endemic Moroccan species of high biological, medicinal and ecological value. We tested whether integrative morpho-biochemical profiling can differentiate Moroccan populations and support conservation planning and sustainable use.

Twelve Moroccan populations were assessed using biochemical traits (total phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins, ABTS/DPPH antioxidant activity, sugars, proline) and seventeen qualitative and quantitative morphological traits covering bush architecture, stem/spine traits, flowers, and fruits. Datasets were analysed separately and then combined to evaluate population differentiation.

Populations varied widely, and biochemical markers strengthened separation when added to morphology. Bush diameter ranged from 83.0 to 196.6 cm and stem height from 46.4 to 67.0 cm. Middle Atlas populations had the highest phenolic content (0.97 mg GAE g⁻¹), whereas High Atlas populations had higher flavonoids and anthocyanins with stronger antioxidant activity. Imi n’Ifri (High Atlas) had the highest sugars (26.25 mg g⁻¹) and proline (21.9 mg g⁻¹), which may reflect higher stress tolerance.

biochemical profiling differentiates Moroccan populations of E. resinifera and clarifies intraspecific diversity. These trait signatures help prioritise populations for conservation and guide Integrative morpho- sustainable valorisation.