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<p>The present study explores the synthesis and application of sodium borohydride-mediated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) for enhancing in vitro regeneration, secondary metabolite production and antimicrobial efficacy in <i>Hemidesmus indicus</i>, an endangered medicinal plant. AgNPs were synthesized and characterized using UV–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope with Energy-Dispersive spectroscopy (FESEM-EDS), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and zeta potential analysis, confirming their stability, crystalline structure, and average size of 56.17 nm. Incorporation of AgNPs into Murashige and Skoog (MS) media significantly enhanced shoot regeneration. The most significant response was observed with 10 mg/L AgNPs (T11), yielding 8.33 ± 0.33 shoots per explant with 18.37 ± 0.09 cm of shoot length, and higher dry matter content (4.60 ± 0.02%). AgNP treatments also modulated phytochemical content, with the highest total phenolic content (TPC) of 18.39 ± 0.18 mg GAE/g of dry extract and total flavonoid content (TFC) of 11.23 ± 0.18 mg QAE/g of dry extract observed at optimal AgNP concentrations. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis revealed an enriched profile of bioactive compounds, including squalene, hexadecanoic acid, and other phenolic derivatives, in regenerated plants treated with AgNPs. These results highlight the dual role of AgNPs in enhancing plant growth and secondary metabolite production, suggesting their potential as a novel tool in the sustainable propagation and value addition of medicinal plants. Furthermore, the extracts demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, and antifungal activity against <i>Candida albicans</i> and <i>C. parapsilosis</i>, with T9 treatments showing comparable inhibition zones to commercial antibiotics. These findings establish AgNPs as a promising biotechnological tool for plant propagation and as a natural antimicrobial agent.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Silver nanoparticles mediated in vitro regeneration, secondary metabolite production and antimicrobial potential in Hemidesmus indicus

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月25日

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  • Saikat Sena,
  • Rana Priya Anand Singh,
  • Vijay Kumar

摘要

The present study explores the synthesis and application of sodium borohydride-mediated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) for enhancing in vitro regeneration, secondary metabolite production and antimicrobial efficacy in Hemidesmus indicus, an endangered medicinal plant. AgNPs were synthesized and characterized using UV–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope with Energy-Dispersive spectroscopy (FESEM-EDS), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and zeta potential analysis, confirming their stability, crystalline structure, and average size of 56.17 nm. Incorporation of AgNPs into Murashige and Skoog (MS) media significantly enhanced shoot regeneration. The most significant response was observed with 10 mg/L AgNPs (T11), yielding 8.33 ± 0.33 shoots per explant with 18.37 ± 0.09 cm of shoot length, and higher dry matter content (4.60 ± 0.02%). AgNP treatments also modulated phytochemical content, with the highest total phenolic content (TPC) of 18.39 ± 0.18 mg GAE/g of dry extract and total flavonoid content (TFC) of 11.23 ± 0.18 mg QAE/g of dry extract observed at optimal AgNP concentrations. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis revealed an enriched profile of bioactive compounds, including squalene, hexadecanoic acid, and other phenolic derivatives, in regenerated plants treated with AgNPs. These results highlight the dual role of AgNPs in enhancing plant growth and secondary metabolite production, suggesting their potential as a novel tool in the sustainable propagation and value addition of medicinal plants. Furthermore, the extracts demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and antifungal activity against Candida albicans and C. parapsilosis, with T9 treatments showing comparable inhibition zones to commercial antibiotics. These findings establish AgNPs as a promising biotechnological tool for plant propagation and as a natural antimicrobial agent.

Graphical Abstract