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<p>This study employs a state-of-the-art approach to evaluate the chemical and biological properties of essential oils from three <i>Cymbopogon</i> species: lemongrass, citronella, and palmarosa, cultivated under mid-hill conditions of the Western Himalayas. GC–MS analysis identified 19 volatile constituents, with lemongrass oil being the most complex, dominated by geranial (45.75%) and neral (35.17%). Citronella oil primarily contained citronellal (64.07%), citronellol (11.06%), and geraniol (10.27%), while palmarosa oil was rich in geraniol (76.68%) and neryl acetate (15.25%). Principal component analysis (PCA) explained 100% of the total variation across the first two components, effectively differentiating the species. Hierarchical clustering further separated palmarosa from the closely related lemongrass and citronella. Antibacterial assays revealed strong inhibitory effects against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 0.31% to 5% (v/v). Antioxidant assessments showed lemongrass oil had the highest radical scavenging activity (IC<sub>50</sub>: 7.13&#xa0;µg/mL for DPPH, 25.62&#xa0;µg/mL for ABTS), despite palmarosa possessing the highest flavonoid content (69.38&#xa0;mg QUE/g). This study fills a critical gap in comparative analyses of aromatic grasses' essential oils under mid-hill Himalayan conditions and is the first to report the detailed polyphenolic composition of citronella and palmarosa oils.</p>

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Chemical diversity and bioefficacy of aromatic grasses grown in western himalayas: a comparative study

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月11日

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  • Akhilesh Kumar Sharma,
  • Ankush Garla,
  • Swati Dhiman,
  • Aman Kumar,
  • Vidyashankar Srivatsan,
  • Rakesh Kumar

摘要

This study employs a state-of-the-art approach to evaluate the chemical and biological properties of essential oils from three Cymbopogon species: lemongrass, citronella, and palmarosa, cultivated under mid-hill conditions of the Western Himalayas. GC–MS analysis identified 19 volatile constituents, with lemongrass oil being the most complex, dominated by geranial (45.75%) and neral (35.17%). Citronella oil primarily contained citronellal (64.07%), citronellol (11.06%), and geraniol (10.27%), while palmarosa oil was rich in geraniol (76.68%) and neryl acetate (15.25%). Principal component analysis (PCA) explained 100% of the total variation across the first two components, effectively differentiating the species. Hierarchical clustering further separated palmarosa from the closely related lemongrass and citronella. Antibacterial assays revealed strong inhibitory effects against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 0.31% to 5% (v/v). Antioxidant assessments showed lemongrass oil had the highest radical scavenging activity (IC50: 7.13 µg/mL for DPPH, 25.62 µg/mL for ABTS), despite palmarosa possessing the highest flavonoid content (69.38 mg QUE/g). This study fills a critical gap in comparative analyses of aromatic grasses' essential oils under mid-hill Himalayan conditions and is the first to report the detailed polyphenolic composition of citronella and palmarosa oils.