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<p>This study investigated the potential of the fungal strain RF5, alone or combined with <i>Prosopis juliflora</i>-derived biochar (BC), to promote plant growth and alleviate salinity stress. Bioassays on tobacco seedlings showed that RF5 significantly improved shoot length, leaf number, fresh weight, and relative water content. ITS sequencing identified RF5 as <i>Penicillium chrysogenum</i>, possessing key plant growth-promoting traits such as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production, phosphate solubilization, and high salt tolerance (up to 1000 mM NaCl). Biochar was characterized using EDX, FTIR, and SEM, which confirmed RF5 colonization. In a greenhouse trial with tomato plants, RF5 + BC treatment produced the highest growth under both non-stress and salt stress conditions. Under salinity, RF5 + BC-treated plants showed improved shoot and root biomass, higher chlorophyll content, relative water content, osmoprotectant accumulation (proline and soluble sugars), and enhanced antioxidant activity (Superoxide dismutase<b>(</b>SOD), catalase (CAT), phenolics, flavonoids, and DPPH scavenging). Moreover, this treatment increased K⁺ and reduced Na⁺ accumulation in plant tissues. Correlation analysis indicated strong positive relationships among morphological, biochemical, and physiological traits in RF5 + BC-treated plants. These findings suggest that combining <i>P. chrysogenum</i> RF5 with biochar could be a promising, sustainable approach to enhance crop performance under saline conditions, although field trials are necessary for further validation.</p>

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Halotolerant Penicillium chrysogenum RF5 and biochar synergistically mitigate salt stress in tomato via biochemical and physiological modifications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月9日

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  • Njood bin Safran,
  • Mohamed Tarroum,
  • Abdulrahman Al-Hashimi,
  • Norah S. Alfarraj,
  • Salim Khan,
  • Mohammad Nadeem,
  • Fahad Al-Qurainy

摘要

This study investigated the potential of the fungal strain RF5, alone or combined with Prosopis juliflora-derived biochar (BC), to promote plant growth and alleviate salinity stress. Bioassays on tobacco seedlings showed that RF5 significantly improved shoot length, leaf number, fresh weight, and relative water content. ITS sequencing identified RF5 as Penicillium chrysogenum, possessing key plant growth-promoting traits such as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production, phosphate solubilization, and high salt tolerance (up to 1000 mM NaCl). Biochar was characterized using EDX, FTIR, and SEM, which confirmed RF5 colonization. In a greenhouse trial with tomato plants, RF5 + BC treatment produced the highest growth under both non-stress and salt stress conditions. Under salinity, RF5 + BC-treated plants showed improved shoot and root biomass, higher chlorophyll content, relative water content, osmoprotectant accumulation (proline and soluble sugars), and enhanced antioxidant activity (Superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase (CAT), phenolics, flavonoids, and DPPH scavenging). Moreover, this treatment increased K⁺ and reduced Na⁺ accumulation in plant tissues. Correlation analysis indicated strong positive relationships among morphological, biochemical, and physiological traits in RF5 + BC-treated plants. These findings suggest that combining P. chrysogenum RF5 with biochar could be a promising, sustainable approach to enhance crop performance under saline conditions, although field trials are necessary for further validation.