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<p>Axillary bud outgrowth (ABO) initiates branching that translates into greater crop yield. Understanding plant perceptions that lead to signaling cues allows the definition of branch number and length, a largely unexplored part. This study investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying ABO in safflower through comprehensive RNA sequencing. Seven transcriptome libraries were constructed, yielding over 71 million high-quality paired-end reads per sample. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified through pairwise comparisons among four developmental stages (before (S1), 24 (S2) and 48 (S3) hours, and one week (S4) post-decapitation), revealing a total of 1,609 DEGs, with significant changes noted 24&#xa0;h post-decapitation. Gene ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway analyses identified 305 enriched GO terms and 17 metabolic pathways, highlighting the roles of phytohormones in regulating ABO. Downregulation of auxin biosynthetic genes and the upregulation of suppressive auxin-responsive genes (<i>SAUR9</i> and <i>GH3</i>-8) following decapitation were the key findings. Gibberellin-related DEGs, except <i>GASA5</i> and <i>G3ox1</i>, showed abundance reduction. Cytokinin-related DEGs showed diverse patterns. Most of the strigolactone, abscisic acid and brassinosteroid-related DEGs behaved as expected and reported elsewhere. This research provides valuable insights into the genetic regulation of branching, highlighting unequivocal roles of phytohormones in ABO in safflower.</p>

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Unraveling the molecular mechanisms of phytohormonal regulation in safflower axillary bud outgrowth: insights from transcriptomics

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月10日

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  • Farshid Sharifian,
  • Hassan Jamshidi,
  • Seyed Mehdi Alavi,
  • Naser Farrokhi

摘要

Axillary bud outgrowth (ABO) initiates branching that translates into greater crop yield. Understanding plant perceptions that lead to signaling cues allows the definition of branch number and length, a largely unexplored part. This study investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying ABO in safflower through comprehensive RNA sequencing. Seven transcriptome libraries were constructed, yielding over 71 million high-quality paired-end reads per sample. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified through pairwise comparisons among four developmental stages (before (S1), 24 (S2) and 48 (S3) hours, and one week (S4) post-decapitation), revealing a total of 1,609 DEGs, with significant changes noted 24 h post-decapitation. Gene ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway analyses identified 305 enriched GO terms and 17 metabolic pathways, highlighting the roles of phytohormones in regulating ABO. Downregulation of auxin biosynthetic genes and the upregulation of suppressive auxin-responsive genes (SAUR9 and GH3-8) following decapitation were the key findings. Gibberellin-related DEGs, except GASA5 and G3ox1, showed abundance reduction. Cytokinin-related DEGs showed diverse patterns. Most of the strigolactone, abscisic acid and brassinosteroid-related DEGs behaved as expected and reported elsewhere. This research provides valuable insights into the genetic regulation of branching, highlighting unequivocal roles of phytohormones in ABO in safflower.