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<p>Driving in another country presents distinctive safety risks due to unfamiliar road environments, traffic systems, and culturally embedded driving norms. This study examines drivers’ readiness to drive abroad by analysing how self-reported driving behaviour, overseas driving confidence, perceived training necessity, demographic characteristics, driving experience, and psychological traits interact in shaping cross-border driving preparedness. An international online survey (<i>n</i> = 208) measured overseas driving confidence, self-reported driving behaviour, General Self-Efficacy (GSE), Locus of Control (LoC), attitudes toward formal training, and interest in technology-based interventions. Results reveal a systematic confidence–behaviour miscalibration: higher overseas driving confidence was associated with lower self-reported safe driving behaviour. Psychological traits were more predictive than driving experience, with higher GSE and stronger external locus of control linked to greater confidence but poorer driving behaviour. Hierarchical regression showed that psychological variables explained significant additional variance in both confidence and behaviour beyond demographics and experience. Although most respondents supported formal training before driving abroad, endorsement declined among more experienced drivers and those with prior overseas driving experience. A UK-specific case study identified roundabouts, speed-limit adaptation, and rural roads as priority challenges for overseas drivers, alongside strong acceptance of simulator-based training and AR-HUD assistance. The study contributes (1) an empirically grounded conceptual framework of overseas driving adaptation, (2) identification of a potentially overconfident driver profile at elevated risk, and (3) scenario-based priorities for technology-supported training and assistance design. Findings suggest that experience and confidence alone are insufficient indicators of overseas driving readiness and that psychologically informed, immersive training is critical for safer cross-border driving.</p>

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Driver readiness for driving abroad based on an international study of confidence behaviour and training needs

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月7日

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  • Peiwen He,
  • Shimei Qiu,
  • Yuehan Li,
  • Colin A. Booth,
  • Paul Bremner

摘要

Driving in another country presents distinctive safety risks due to unfamiliar road environments, traffic systems, and culturally embedded driving norms. This study examines drivers’ readiness to drive abroad by analysing how self-reported driving behaviour, overseas driving confidence, perceived training necessity, demographic characteristics, driving experience, and psychological traits interact in shaping cross-border driving preparedness. An international online survey (n = 208) measured overseas driving confidence, self-reported driving behaviour, General Self-Efficacy (GSE), Locus of Control (LoC), attitudes toward formal training, and interest in technology-based interventions. Results reveal a systematic confidence–behaviour miscalibration: higher overseas driving confidence was associated with lower self-reported safe driving behaviour. Psychological traits were more predictive than driving experience, with higher GSE and stronger external locus of control linked to greater confidence but poorer driving behaviour. Hierarchical regression showed that psychological variables explained significant additional variance in both confidence and behaviour beyond demographics and experience. Although most respondents supported formal training before driving abroad, endorsement declined among more experienced drivers and those with prior overseas driving experience. A UK-specific case study identified roundabouts, speed-limit adaptation, and rural roads as priority challenges for overseas drivers, alongside strong acceptance of simulator-based training and AR-HUD assistance. The study contributes (1) an empirically grounded conceptual framework of overseas driving adaptation, (2) identification of a potentially overconfident driver profile at elevated risk, and (3) scenario-based priorities for technology-supported training and assistance design. Findings suggest that experience and confidence alone are insufficient indicators of overseas driving readiness and that psychologically informed, immersive training is critical for safer cross-border driving.