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<p>Relying solely on synthetic fungicides to manage plant diseases poses environmental and human health concerns, suggesting the need to find alternative measures to reduce the impact of diseases on crop production. This study aimed to demonstrate the effectiveness of biostimulants and plant growth regulator (PGR) as foliar sprays for mitigating the <i>Phytophthora palmivora</i> Butler black pod rot (BPR) stress in <i>Theobroma cacao</i> L. Biostimulants (oligocarrageenan and oligochitosan), PGR (paclobutrazol), fosetyl-Al (positive control), and tap water (negative control) were applied as foliar sprays to BPR-infected cacao trees in monocrop and coconut‒cacao intercrop planting systems. Laboratory or in vitro experiments were also conducted to determine the efficacy of biostimulants and paclobutrazol as protectants and eradicants of <i>P. palmivora</i> BPR. The results showed that the untreated intercropped cacao trees produced lighter pods. The positive effects of biostimulants and paclobutrazol on improving pod weight were observed only in the intercropping system but not in the monocrop system. The oligocarrageenan‒treated cacao produced more and heavier fresh seeds, as well as heavier dried beans, resulting in a better bean count and pod index. Similarly, oligochitosan spray improved the bean production of a cacao pod in quantity and weight, resulting in a better pod index. Paclobutrazol improved the seed fresh weight and pod index. The in vitro experiments revealed that the efficacy of oligocarrageenan, oligochitosan, and paclobutrazol as protectants and eradicants of BPR was comparable to that of the fosetyl-Al. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of biostimulants and paclobutrazol for mitigating the BPR disease on cacao production.</p>

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Biostimulants and Paclobutrazol Foliar Sprays for the Alleviation of Black Pod Rot (Phytophthora palmivora Butler) Stress in Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.)

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月3日

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  • Vences C. Valleser,
  • Edna A. Aguilar,
  • Eureka Teresa M. Ocampo,
  • Calixto M. Protacio

摘要

Relying solely on synthetic fungicides to manage plant diseases poses environmental and human health concerns, suggesting the need to find alternative measures to reduce the impact of diseases on crop production. This study aimed to demonstrate the effectiveness of biostimulants and plant growth regulator (PGR) as foliar sprays for mitigating the Phytophthora palmivora Butler black pod rot (BPR) stress in Theobroma cacao L. Biostimulants (oligocarrageenan and oligochitosan), PGR (paclobutrazol), fosetyl-Al (positive control), and tap water (negative control) were applied as foliar sprays to BPR-infected cacao trees in monocrop and coconut‒cacao intercrop planting systems. Laboratory or in vitro experiments were also conducted to determine the efficacy of biostimulants and paclobutrazol as protectants and eradicants of P. palmivora BPR. The results showed that the untreated intercropped cacao trees produced lighter pods. The positive effects of biostimulants and paclobutrazol on improving pod weight were observed only in the intercropping system but not in the monocrop system. The oligocarrageenan‒treated cacao produced more and heavier fresh seeds, as well as heavier dried beans, resulting in a better bean count and pod index. Similarly, oligochitosan spray improved the bean production of a cacao pod in quantity and weight, resulting in a better pod index. Paclobutrazol improved the seed fresh weight and pod index. The in vitro experiments revealed that the efficacy of oligocarrageenan, oligochitosan, and paclobutrazol as protectants and eradicants of BPR was comparable to that of the fosetyl-Al. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of biostimulants and paclobutrazol for mitigating the BPR disease on cacao production.