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<p>Saudi zeolite clinoptilolite–chitosan composites were synthesized via alkali activation and characterized to evaluate their efficiency for the adsorption of Cu<sup>2</sup>⁺, Ni<sup>2</sup>⁺, and Mn<sup>2</sup>⁺ ions from aqueous solutions. FTIR confirmed chemical bonding between chitosan and the zeolite framework, while Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis showed surface area enhancement (23.8 m<sup>2</sup>/g to 30.0 m<sup>2</sup>/g) and pore narrowing (67.5&#xa0;Å to 58.3&#xa0;Å) after 72&#xa0;h activation. Maximum adsorption capacities reached 0.62&#xa0;mg&#xa0;g⁻<sup>1</sup> (Cu<sup>2</sup>⁺), 0.55&#xa0;mg&#xa0;g⁻<sup>1</sup> (Ni<sup>2</sup>⁺), and 0.40&#xa0;mg&#xa0;g⁻<sup>1</sup> (Mn<sup>2</sup>⁺), fitting the Langmuir isotherm (R<sup>2</sup> &gt; 0.95). Kinetic modeling indicated pseudo-second-order chemisorption for Cu<sup>2</sup>⁺ and Ni<sup>2</sup>⁺ which mainly happens through chemical bonding, and intraparticle diffusion control for Mn<sup>2</sup>⁺ which is controlled by diffusion inside the adsorbent pores. The study provides the initial mechanistic insight into Saudi zeolite clinoptilolite–chitosan composites as efficient, low-cost adsorbents for wastewater treatment.</p>

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Characterization of Saudi zeolite clinoptilolite-chitosan biopolymer composites for heavy metals adsorption from aqueous systems

  • 期刊论文

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月7日

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  • Thamer Aldhafeeri

摘要

Saudi zeolite clinoptilolite–chitosan composites were synthesized via alkali activation and characterized to evaluate their efficiency for the adsorption of Cu2⁺, Ni2⁺, and Mn2⁺ ions from aqueous solutions. FTIR confirmed chemical bonding between chitosan and the zeolite framework, while Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis showed surface area enhancement (23.8 m2/g to 30.0 m2/g) and pore narrowing (67.5 Å to 58.3 Å) after 72 h activation. Maximum adsorption capacities reached 0.62 mg g⁻1 (Cu2⁺), 0.55 mg g⁻1 (Ni2⁺), and 0.40 mg g⁻1 (Mn2⁺), fitting the Langmuir isotherm (R2 > 0.95). Kinetic modeling indicated pseudo-second-order chemisorption for Cu2⁺ and Ni2⁺ which mainly happens through chemical bonding, and intraparticle diffusion control for Mn2⁺ which is controlled by diffusion inside the adsorbent pores. The study provides the initial mechanistic insight into Saudi zeolite clinoptilolite–chitosan composites as efficient, low-cost adsorbents for wastewater treatment.