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<p>Ammonia is a non-carbon fuel with strong potential as a future energy source. However, it has limitations, including low reactivity and a slow burning velocity. This study aims to examine the combustion characteristics—such as flame morphology, temperature, and heat of reaction—and to analyze the kinetics of NO emissions. A numerical approach is employed using the Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) method. The turbulence and combustion models applied in this approach are the Reynolds Stress Model (RSM) and the Eddy Dissipation Concept (EDC), respectively. The chemical mechanism used is based on Gotama’s model. Three independent variables are tested: the ammonia cracking ratio, the Reynolds number at the fuel inlet, and the air temperature. The results show that combustion performance improves with higher NH₃ cracking ratios, fuel Reynolds numbers, and air temperatures.&#xa0;The maximum combustion temperature reaches 2286&#xa0;K at a 100% NH₃ cracking ratio. The NO mole fraction decreases with increasing NH₃ cracking ratio and fuel Reynolds number but increases with higher air temperature. Kinetic analysis identifies reaction R107 (NO₂ + H → NO + OH) as the most dominant in NO formation. The species O, H, OH, and NH₂ are found to play critical roles in both the formation and consumption of NO.</p>

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Numerical study of ammonia cracking diffusion: combustion characteristics and kinetics analysis of NO emission

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月15日

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  • Khoeril Walad,
  • Bima Anggun Putra,
  • Prihadi Setyo Darmanto,
  • Firman Bagja Juangsa

摘要

Ammonia is a non-carbon fuel with strong potential as a future energy source. However, it has limitations, including low reactivity and a slow burning velocity. This study aims to examine the combustion characteristics—such as flame morphology, temperature, and heat of reaction—and to analyze the kinetics of NO emissions. A numerical approach is employed using the Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) method. The turbulence and combustion models applied in this approach are the Reynolds Stress Model (RSM) and the Eddy Dissipation Concept (EDC), respectively. The chemical mechanism used is based on Gotama’s model. Three independent variables are tested: the ammonia cracking ratio, the Reynolds number at the fuel inlet, and the air temperature. The results show that combustion performance improves with higher NH₃ cracking ratios, fuel Reynolds numbers, and air temperatures. The maximum combustion temperature reaches 2286 K at a 100% NH₃ cracking ratio. The NO mole fraction decreases with increasing NH₃ cracking ratio and fuel Reynolds number but increases with higher air temperature. Kinetic analysis identifies reaction R107 (NO₂ + H → NO + OH) as the most dominant in NO formation. The species O, H, OH, and NH₂ are found to play critical roles in both the formation and consumption of NO.