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<p>Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was successfully synthesized using environmentally friendly reducing agents derived from natural sources including <i>Zanthoxylum acanthopodium</i>&#xa0;(andaliman),&#xa0;<i>Murraya paniculata</i>&#xa0;(kemuning leaves),&#xa0;<i>Psidium guajava</i>&#xa0;(guava leaves), and&#xa0;<i>Miconia crenata</i>&#xa0;(senduduk bulu)—via a modified Hummers method. The structural and physicochemical properties of the synthesized materials were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, and electrochemical techniques. XRD analysis revealed a shift in the characteristic GO peak from 11.04° to higher angles (21.79°–26.00°), confirming successful reduction. FTIR spectroscopy demonstrated reduction efficiency of 42.28%–52.63%, while UV–Vis spectra exhibited a redshift in absorption peaks, indicating restored π-electron conjugation. SEM images showed aggregated, wrinkled morphology with exfoliated sheets, and BET analysis confirmed mesoporosity (pore diameters 2–50 nm). Electrochemical studies revealed excellent linear correlations (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> &gt; 0.99), highlighting efficient electron transfer. This work underscores the potential of plant-derived reductants as sustainable alternatives for high-quality rGO synthesis, suitable for advanced electrochemical applications.</p>

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Facile synthesis of reduced graphene oxide using natural plant extracts as green reducing agents

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月5日

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  • A. Muhammad Afdhal Saputra,
  • Marpongahtun,
  • Andriayani,
  • Ronn Goei,
  • Alfred Iing Yoong Tok,
  • Stergios Goutianos,
  • Saharman Gea

摘要

Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was successfully synthesized using environmentally friendly reducing agents derived from natural sources including Zanthoxylum acanthopodium (andaliman), Murraya paniculata (kemuning leaves), Psidium guajava (guava leaves), and Miconia crenata (senduduk bulu)—via a modified Hummers method. The structural and physicochemical properties of the synthesized materials were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, and electrochemical techniques. XRD analysis revealed a shift in the characteristic GO peak from 11.04° to higher angles (21.79°–26.00°), confirming successful reduction. FTIR spectroscopy demonstrated reduction efficiency of 42.28%–52.63%, while UV–Vis spectra exhibited a redshift in absorption peaks, indicating restored π-electron conjugation. SEM images showed aggregated, wrinkled morphology with exfoliated sheets, and BET analysis confirmed mesoporosity (pore diameters 2–50 nm). Electrochemical studies revealed excellent linear correlations (R2 > 0.99), highlighting efficient electron transfer. This work underscores the potential of plant-derived reductants as sustainable alternatives for high-quality rGO synthesis, suitable for advanced electrochemical applications.