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<p>Age of Information (AoI) and Energy Efficiency (EE) are two critical performance metrics for real-time status update systems, particularly in health monitoring applications where data freshness and device longevity are paramount. This paper investigates the fundamental trade-off between average AoI (AAoI) and EE in a single-relay assisted health monitoring system (HMS) employing short-packet communications. We propose and analyze a hybrid-protocol framework where the first hop operates under three different transmission protocols—namely, non-ARQ, classical ARQ (CARQ), and truncated ARQ (TARQ)—while the second hop uniformly adopts CARQ to ensure reliable delivery to multiple destinations. Under independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) channel conditions, we derive the expressions for both AAoI and EE, capturing the joint impact of coding blocklength, signal-to-noise ratio, and the number of destination nodes. To systematically balance the timeliness and energy efficiency, we introduce the AAoI-EE ratio as a unified performance metric. Numerical results reveal that the non-ARQ scheme achieves the minimal AAoI under favorable channel conditions, whereas CARQ is preferable for high-reliability scenarios. Notably, the TARQ scheme demonstrates superior overall performance, offering the most robust trade-off between information freshness and energy efficiency. Furthermore, we show that an optimal coding blocklength exists that effectively minimizes the AAoI-EE ratio, providing actionable design insights for energy-constrained and delay-sensitive IoMT systems.</p>

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When information freshness meets energy efficiency: age-energy trade-off in short-packet single-relay IoMT systems

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月7日

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  • Changhao Song,
  • Yue Wang,
  • Mangang Xie

摘要

Age of Information (AoI) and Energy Efficiency (EE) are two critical performance metrics for real-time status update systems, particularly in health monitoring applications where data freshness and device longevity are paramount. This paper investigates the fundamental trade-off between average AoI (AAoI) and EE in a single-relay assisted health monitoring system (HMS) employing short-packet communications. We propose and analyze a hybrid-protocol framework where the first hop operates under three different transmission protocols—namely, non-ARQ, classical ARQ (CARQ), and truncated ARQ (TARQ)—while the second hop uniformly adopts CARQ to ensure reliable delivery to multiple destinations. Under independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) channel conditions, we derive the expressions for both AAoI and EE, capturing the joint impact of coding blocklength, signal-to-noise ratio, and the number of destination nodes. To systematically balance the timeliness and energy efficiency, we introduce the AAoI-EE ratio as a unified performance metric. Numerical results reveal that the non-ARQ scheme achieves the minimal AAoI under favorable channel conditions, whereas CARQ is preferable for high-reliability scenarios. Notably, the TARQ scheme demonstrates superior overall performance, offering the most robust trade-off between information freshness and energy efficiency. Furthermore, we show that an optimal coding blocklength exists that effectively minimizes the AAoI-EE ratio, providing actionable design insights for energy-constrained and delay-sensitive IoMT systems.