<p>Solar systems are very suitable systems as an alternative energy resource around the world because these systems, especially in remote areas where there is no access to energy, can provide the required sources such as electricity, heating, and cooling for the people who are living in such areas. The interactive solar system is a kind of solar system that can be effective, as they can transform stand-alone solar setups into dynamic microgrids using bidirectional communication with inverters and batteries. It can simultaneously convert off- and on-grid PV energy to electricity. One characteristic of this system is its ability to produce energy continuously even when the network is offline, thanks to the presence of batteries for storage. In other words, this system can share the surplus of energy with the grid and sell it to the grid to support the network-connected loads. In this study, a small-scale interactive system, with 11.9 for the stand-alone PV system and 10.24 kWp for the grid-tied PV system, is used to supply 7300 kWh of electrical energy for hydrogen production, and then the kWh transformed to kgH<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$_2$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mmultiscripts> <mrow /> <mn>2</mn> <mrow /> </mmultiscripts> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for hydrogen storage is presented and analyzed for the house located in Ashukino City, in the Pushkinsky District of Moscow. This system consists of off-grid and on-grid PV panels; a distribution network; separate battery banks for off-grid and on-grid systems, which are connected to the PEM electrolyzer to produce hydrogen, which is stored in the metal hydride tanks; and connected panels for (in)sensitive AC loads. On the scale of this study, each of the stand-alone and grid-tied systems can generate 5149.7 and 7297.1 kWh of electrical energy, respectively. Of these values, 4901.214 and 6583.090 kWh of energy are needed to produce hydrogen, which totally can be stored as 213 kg of hydrogen in the metal hydride tanks. Performance parameters, including array yield, final yield, performance ratio, reference yield, and capacity factor, are obtained from IEC 61724. The annual yield and annual efficiencies of the PV array, inverter, and system are analyzed and presented as well. Also, how temperature affects the PV array and inverter performance. This system is modelled and analysed in PVsyst, and the data gathered is compared with the real system, which, despite the way the panels are arranged, matches. With an initial investment of $10000, and a loan of $100000, after clearance of the total loan in 10 years, the levelized cost of hydrogen will be equal to 1.4–3.5 $/kg, aligning with large-scale, low-carbon hydrogen economically viable for industrial use and heavy transport.</p>

Performance analysis of the microgrid-scale hydrogen energy storage in Russia

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2026年7月7日

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Zahra Pezeshki,
Ildar Sultanguzin,
Yury V. Yavorovsky,
Alexey Skorobatyuk

摘要

Solar systems are very suitable systems as an alternative energy resource around the world because these systems, especially in remote areas where there is no access to energy, can provide the required sources such as electricity, heating, and cooling for the people who are living in such areas. The interactive solar system is a kind of solar system that can be effective, as they can transform stand-alone solar setups into dynamic microgrids using bidirectional communication with inverters and batteries. It can simultaneously convert off- and on-grid PV energy to electricity. One characteristic of this system is its ability to produce energy continuously even when the network is offline, thanks to the presence of batteries for storage. In other words, this system can share the surplus of energy with the grid and sell it to the grid to support the network-connected loads. In this study, a small-scale interactive system, with 11.9 for the stand-alone PV system and 10.24 kWp for the grid-tied PV system, is used to supply 7300 kWh of electrical energy for hydrogen production, and then the kWh transformed to kgH $_2$ $_{2}$ for hydrogen storage is presented and analyzed for the house located in Ashukino City, in the Pushkinsky District of Moscow. This system consists of off-grid and on-grid PV panels; a distribution network; separate battery banks for off-grid and on-grid systems, which are connected to the PEM electrolyzer to produce hydrogen, which is stored in the metal hydride tanks; and connected panels for (in)sensitive AC loads. On the scale of this study, each of the stand-alone and grid-tied systems can generate 5149.7 and 7297.1 kWh of electrical energy, respectively. Of these values, 4901.214 and 6583.090 kWh of energy are needed to produce hydrogen, which totally can be stored as 213 kg of hydrogen in the metal hydride tanks. Performance parameters, including array yield, final yield, performance ratio, reference yield, and capacity factor, are obtained from IEC 61724. The annual yield and annual efficiencies of the PV array, inverter, and system are analyzed and presented as well. Also, how temperature affects the PV array and inverter performance. This system is modelled and analysed in PVsyst, and the data gathered is compared with the real system, which, despite the way the panels are arranged, matches. With an initial investment of $10000, and a loan of $100000, after clearance of the total loan in 10 years, the levelized cost of hydrogen will be equal to 1.4–3.5 $/kg, aligning with large-scale, low-carbon hydrogen economically viable for industrial use and heavy transport.