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<p>The study determines the effect and suitability of snail shell powder (SSP) as partial cement replacement. Blended cements with snail shell powder ranging from 0 to 15% mixes were produced. The compressive strength test was used to determine the mechanical properties while Sorptivity tests were adopted to determine the water absorption properties. The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis were used to determine the hydration behavior of the cement system. Compressive strength results showed that the maximum SSP replacement level with respect to strength was 5% at all curing periods. The 15% SSP mixture achieved a 2-day compressive strength of 31.2&#xa0;MPa, exceeding that of the reference mortar, its 28-day strength was only comparable to the control and lower than that of the 5% SSP mixture. Infrared spectrometry and XRD analysis showed the presence of cement hydrated minerals including ettringite, monosulphonate, portlandite and other unhydrated cement minerals in the blended cement samples. Bands associated with CaCO₃ were observed in the blended mortar mixtures, reflecting the calcium carbonate nature of the SSP. The 15% snail shell blended cement mortar presented the lowest initial sorptivity coefficient of 8.0 × 10<sup>− 9</sup> mm·s<sup>−1/2</sup>, resulting in an 84% reduction compared to the control. Corroborating the strength performance and the sorptivity results, the 15% replacement was the best-performing within the investigated range under the studied conditions. With consideration on substantial cement or clinker reduction, 15% snail shell replacement is recommended for the production of 32.5R CEM 11&#xa0;A-L grade of cement.</p>

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Reducing clinker factor using snail shell as main constituent for CEM II formation

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月20日

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  • Abigail Menson,
  • Martinson Addo Nartey,
  • Anthony Andrews,
  • Mark Bediako,
  • Eugene Atiemo

摘要

The study determines the effect and suitability of snail shell powder (SSP) as partial cement replacement. Blended cements with snail shell powder ranging from 0 to 15% mixes were produced. The compressive strength test was used to determine the mechanical properties while Sorptivity tests were adopted to determine the water absorption properties. The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis were used to determine the hydration behavior of the cement system. Compressive strength results showed that the maximum SSP replacement level with respect to strength was 5% at all curing periods. The 15% SSP mixture achieved a 2-day compressive strength of 31.2 MPa, exceeding that of the reference mortar, its 28-day strength was only comparable to the control and lower than that of the 5% SSP mixture. Infrared spectrometry and XRD analysis showed the presence of cement hydrated minerals including ettringite, monosulphonate, portlandite and other unhydrated cement minerals in the blended cement samples. Bands associated with CaCO₃ were observed in the blended mortar mixtures, reflecting the calcium carbonate nature of the SSP. The 15% snail shell blended cement mortar presented the lowest initial sorptivity coefficient of 8.0 × 10− 9 mm·s−1/2, resulting in an 84% reduction compared to the control. Corroborating the strength performance and the sorptivity results, the 15% replacement was the best-performing within the investigated range under the studied conditions. With consideration on substantial cement or clinker reduction, 15% snail shell replacement is recommended for the production of 32.5R CEM 11 A-L grade of cement.