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<p>Infertility affects approximately one in six couples worldwide and can be caused by a variety of male and female factors, requiring a comprehensive diagnostic evaluation. In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a widely used assisted reproductive technology; however, despite advances in embryo culture systems, implantation and transfer success rates remain below 30%. Current IVF practice strongly relies on embryologists’ ability to select high-quality, euploid embryos for transfer. Nevertheless, embryo quality alone does not determine successful pregnancy outcomes. Implantation depends on complex biochemical and molecular interactions between the embryo and the receptive uterine endometrium. This review summarizes current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying preimplantation embryo development and implantation. Particular attention is given to embryo metabolism, embryo–endometrium communication, and decidualization processes. Understanding these molecular pathways may facilitate the identification of novel biomarkers associated with embryo viability, implantation potential, and uterine receptivity, ultimately contributing to improved diagnostics and therapeutic strategies in female infertility research and assisted reproduction.</p>

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Molecular Mechanisms of Preimplantation Embryo Division and Blastocyst Implantation

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月8日

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  • Zuzana Badovská,
  • Silvia Toporcerová,
  • Peter Artimovič,
  • Katarína Balasičová,
  • Nicole Fabianová,
  • Viera Belušáková,
  • Miroslava Rabajdová

摘要

Infertility affects approximately one in six couples worldwide and can be caused by a variety of male and female factors, requiring a comprehensive diagnostic evaluation. In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a widely used assisted reproductive technology; however, despite advances in embryo culture systems, implantation and transfer success rates remain below 30%. Current IVF practice strongly relies on embryologists’ ability to select high-quality, euploid embryos for transfer. Nevertheless, embryo quality alone does not determine successful pregnancy outcomes. Implantation depends on complex biochemical and molecular interactions between the embryo and the receptive uterine endometrium. This review summarizes current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying preimplantation embryo development and implantation. Particular attention is given to embryo metabolism, embryo–endometrium communication, and decidualization processes. Understanding these molecular pathways may facilitate the identification of novel biomarkers associated with embryo viability, implantation potential, and uterine receptivity, ultimately contributing to improved diagnostics and therapeutic strategies in female infertility research and assisted reproduction.