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<p>Organophosphate esters (OPEs) have emerged as ubiquitous environmental contaminants, yet their interfacial dynamics in subtropical urban catchments remain under-characterized. This study investigates the seasonal variability, gas–particle partitioning, and air–water exchange of 17 OPEs in a coupled river–lake system in Taoyuan, northern Taiwan, throughout 2024. Results indicate distinct spatiotemporal patterns: the urban Xinjie River exhibited significantly higher total OPE concentrations (mean dissolved: 50.90 ± 30.87&#xa0;ng/L) compared to the campus-adjacent lake (mean dissolved: 11.06 ± 5.45&#xa0;ng/L), driven by wastewater discharge and lower hydrological dilution during the dry winter season. Conversely, atmospheric burdens peaked in spring, suggesting a decoupling of aquatic and atmospheric drivers. Fugacity fraction analysis revealed that while deposition occurs, the urban river acts predominantly as a net source of OPEs to the atmosphere, with mean volatilization fluxes for TBEP reaching 8806&#xa0;ng/m<sup>2</sup>/day. Chlorinated OPEs (TCIPP, TDCPP) dominated the atmospheric gas phase, while alkyl species (TBEP) prevailed in the aqueous phase. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) identified untreated wastewater effluent and traffic emissions as primary sources governing OPE burdens in both compartments. Although ecological risk quotients (RQs) and human inhalation cancer risks remained below threshold levels, the findings highlight the potential for urban water bodies to act as secondary emission sources, modulating local atmospheric chemistry. These results underscore the necessity of integrating air–water exchange fluxes into regional pollution management strategies to mitigate the cycling of semi-volatile organic contaminants.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Pathways of Organophosphate Esters in Urban Environments: Occurrence, Source Attribution, Dry Deposition and Air–Water Exchange

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月21日

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  • Nelly Marlina,
  • Chih-Hsiang Chen,
  • Jheng-Jie Jiang

摘要

Organophosphate esters (OPEs) have emerged as ubiquitous environmental contaminants, yet their interfacial dynamics in subtropical urban catchments remain under-characterized. This study investigates the seasonal variability, gas–particle partitioning, and air–water exchange of 17 OPEs in a coupled river–lake system in Taoyuan, northern Taiwan, throughout 2024. Results indicate distinct spatiotemporal patterns: the urban Xinjie River exhibited significantly higher total OPE concentrations (mean dissolved: 50.90 ± 30.87 ng/L) compared to the campus-adjacent lake (mean dissolved: 11.06 ± 5.45 ng/L), driven by wastewater discharge and lower hydrological dilution during the dry winter season. Conversely, atmospheric burdens peaked in spring, suggesting a decoupling of aquatic and atmospheric drivers. Fugacity fraction analysis revealed that while deposition occurs, the urban river acts predominantly as a net source of OPEs to the atmosphere, with mean volatilization fluxes for TBEP reaching 8806 ng/m2/day. Chlorinated OPEs (TCIPP, TDCPP) dominated the atmospheric gas phase, while alkyl species (TBEP) prevailed in the aqueous phase. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) identified untreated wastewater effluent and traffic emissions as primary sources governing OPE burdens in both compartments. Although ecological risk quotients (RQs) and human inhalation cancer risks remained below threshold levels, the findings highlight the potential for urban water bodies to act as secondary emission sources, modulating local atmospheric chemistry. These results underscore the necessity of integrating air–water exchange fluxes into regional pollution management strategies to mitigate the cycling of semi-volatile organic contaminants.

Graphical Abstract