Abstract <p>This study develops a non-linear mathematical model to analyse the complex interactions between anthropogenic emissions, aerosol pollutants, acid rain, and plant biomass. In the model, anthropogenic emissions are assumed to occur at a constant rate, with one part contributing to aerosol formation and the other to acid rain formation. By employing the stability theory of differential equations, the model identifies the existence and stability conditions of various equilibrium points, and numerical simulations are performed using MATLAB software. The findings reveal that increasing anthropogenic emissions lead to higher concentrations of aerosols and acid rain, resulting in a significant decline in plant biomass and threatening ecosystem stability. Acid rain is identified as a more harmful factor than aerosols, underscoring the critical need to mitigate its impact. The analysis also highlights the role of forest biomass carrying capacity in buffering against environmental stressors, suggesting that enhanced afforestation and reforestation efforts can improve ecosystem resilience. Also, implementing regulatory measures promptly can prevent air quality from deteriorating beyond manageable levels.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>