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<p>Metro Manila’s aging Public Utility Jeepneys, many with pre-Euro diesel engines, are significant sources of carbonaceous aerosol emissions, contributing to poor air quality and potential climate impacts. This study quantifies current levels of particulate matter (PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub>) emissions related to the PUJs using the WRF/Chem v4.1.2 model at a 1&#xa0;km × 1&#xa0;km resolution. Emission inventories for over 50,000 PUJs were constructed and spatially allocated using GIS, while simulations assessed the dispersion of pollutants under various monsoonal regimes. Results reveal persistent hotspots in the central and northern regions of Metro Manila, influenced by dense PUJ route networks, complex urban topography, and the orographic effects of the Sierra Madre Mountain Range. Spatial autocorrelation analysis, using Moran’s I and LISA cluster maps, confirms statistically significant high-high clusters of pollution. The study highlights the crucial role of meteorological and geographic factors in the accumulation and dispersion of PM. It recommends modernizing the PUJ fleet, including the adoption of electrification and cleaner engine technologies. Findings provide a scientific basis for policy formulation that targets emission reductions and air quality improvements in densely urbanized settings.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Quantifying Current Concentration Levels of Particulate Matter from Public Utility Jeepneys Within Metro Manila and the Surrounding Areas

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月11日

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  • Jacob Alberto Garcia,
  • Floro Roque Jr.,
  • Maria Cecilia Galvez,
  • Jose Bienvenido Manuel Biona,
  • Edgar Vallar

摘要

Metro Manila’s aging Public Utility Jeepneys, many with pre-Euro diesel engines, are significant sources of carbonaceous aerosol emissions, contributing to poor air quality and potential climate impacts. This study quantifies current levels of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) emissions related to the PUJs using the WRF/Chem v4.1.2 model at a 1 km × 1 km resolution. Emission inventories for over 50,000 PUJs were constructed and spatially allocated using GIS, while simulations assessed the dispersion of pollutants under various monsoonal regimes. Results reveal persistent hotspots in the central and northern regions of Metro Manila, influenced by dense PUJ route networks, complex urban topography, and the orographic effects of the Sierra Madre Mountain Range. Spatial autocorrelation analysis, using Moran’s I and LISA cluster maps, confirms statistically significant high-high clusters of pollution. The study highlights the crucial role of meteorological and geographic factors in the accumulation and dispersion of PM. It recommends modernizing the PUJ fleet, including the adoption of electrification and cleaner engine technologies. Findings provide a scientific basis for policy formulation that targets emission reductions and air quality improvements in densely urbanized settings.

Graphical Abstract