<p>Cancer remains a leading global cause of mortality despite significant advances in surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. However, limitations such as systemic toxicity, poor specificity, drug resistance, and inadequate early detection continue to hinder effective management. Recently, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) which convert biomechanical and environmental mechanical energy into electrical energy have emerged as promising self-powered platforms for biomedical applications. Owing to their high-voltage, low-current output, flexibility, lightweight structure, and biocompatibility, TENGs offer unique opportunities in cancer prevention, diagnosis, therapy, drug delivery, and immunotherapy. Collectively, TENG technology represents a paradigm shift toward sustainable, self-powered cancer management platforms that integrate prevention, therapy, and immunomodulation into a unified framework. This review consolidates the theoretical foundations, operating modes, and mechanistic advantages of TENGs, highlighting their translational potential in oncology including detection of carcinogens, adjuvant therapy, drug and gene delivery, and immunotherapy while also addressing current limitations and future directions.</p>