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<p>Wearable respiration monitors often struggle with motion artifacts and variable skin–sensor coupling. We present an elastic chest belt with digitally printed piezoresistive strain gauges and a multi-channel bridge front-end, and we evaluate how sensor geometry, placement, and simple respiration cycle detectors affect minute-scale respiration-rate (RR) accuracy. Three printed sensor layouts (circular and serpentine/“linear”) were placed at three thoracic locations (left, center, right); for the serpentine layout, we also tested horizontal vs. vertical orientations. RR from (i) a time-domain peaks-and-valleys (PV) detector and (ii) a power spectral density (PSD) method were compared to a thermistor reference across 4-min trials in healthy volunteers (<i>n</i> = 3), analyzed per minute. PV achieved a larger share of minutes within ± 2 RPM than PSD (≈ 70% vs. ≈37%) and within ± 1 RPM (≈ 44% vs. ≈33%). Geometry and placement mattered: a vertical serpentine on the lateral thorax showed the highest minute-level agreement within this pilot cohort and under quiet-breathing conditions (left-lateral vertical: 100% of minutes within ± 2 RPM; right-lateral vertical/horizontal: 91.7%), while circular sensors showed their highest accuracy on the left thorax (83.3% within ± 2 RPM). These pilot findings suggest preliminary design guidance for e-textile RR monitors and indicate that PV detection may be a practical option for minute-scale RR estimation under the tested conditions.</p>

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Effects of sensor geometry, placement, and cycle detection on wearable respiration monitoring with textile printed strain sensors

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月27日

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  • Manuel Reis Carneiro,
  • João Silva,
  • Mahmoud Tavakoli

摘要

Wearable respiration monitors often struggle with motion artifacts and variable skin–sensor coupling. We present an elastic chest belt with digitally printed piezoresistive strain gauges and a multi-channel bridge front-end, and we evaluate how sensor geometry, placement, and simple respiration cycle detectors affect minute-scale respiration-rate (RR) accuracy. Three printed sensor layouts (circular and serpentine/“linear”) were placed at three thoracic locations (left, center, right); for the serpentine layout, we also tested horizontal vs. vertical orientations. RR from (i) a time-domain peaks-and-valleys (PV) detector and (ii) a power spectral density (PSD) method were compared to a thermistor reference across 4-min trials in healthy volunteers (n = 3), analyzed per minute. PV achieved a larger share of minutes within ± 2 RPM than PSD (≈ 70% vs. ≈37%) and within ± 1 RPM (≈ 44% vs. ≈33%). Geometry and placement mattered: a vertical serpentine on the lateral thorax showed the highest minute-level agreement within this pilot cohort and under quiet-breathing conditions (left-lateral vertical: 100% of minutes within ± 2 RPM; right-lateral vertical/horizontal: 91.7%), while circular sensors showed their highest accuracy on the left thorax (83.3% within ± 2 RPM). These pilot findings suggest preliminary design guidance for e-textile RR monitors and indicate that PV detection may be a practical option for minute-scale RR estimation under the tested conditions.