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<p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of global morbidity and mortality, necessitating innovative therapeutic strategies that overcome the limitations of conventional pharmacotherapy. Engineered exosome-based nanocarriers have emerged as a promising next-generation platform for targeted drug delivery in cardiovascular disorders. Exosomes are nanosized extracellular vesicles naturally secreted by cells and possess intrinsic biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, prolonged circulation, and inherent tissue-targeting capabilities. These features distinguish them from synthetic nanocarriers such as liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles. Recent advances in exosome engineering have enabled efficient cargo loading of small molecules, nucleic acids, proteins, and CRISPR components through techniques including electroporation, sonication, membrane fusion, and genetic modification of donor cells. Surface functionalization strategies, such as ligand conjugation and peptide display, further enhance cardiac-specific targeting and therapeutic precision. Preclinical studies demonstrate significant cardioprotective effects in myocardial infarction, attenuation of inflammation in atherosclerosis, reduction of fibrosis in heart failure, and improved angiogenesis in ischemic injury models. Despite encouraging experimental outcomes, major translational challenges persist, including scalable manufacturing, standardization of isolation and purification methods, cargo loading efficiency, storage stability, regulatory classification, and long-term biosafety evaluation. Addressing these barriers through interdisciplinary collaboration and adherence to Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) standards will be critical for successful clinical translation. Overall, engineered exosome-based nanocarriers represent a transformative strategy in cardiovascular drug delivery, with the potential to advance precision medicine and improve therapeutic outcomes in CVD management.</p>

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Engineered exosome nanocarriers for targeted cardiovascular therapy

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月3日

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  • Rufaida Wasim,
  • Aditya Singh

摘要

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of global morbidity and mortality, necessitating innovative therapeutic strategies that overcome the limitations of conventional pharmacotherapy. Engineered exosome-based nanocarriers have emerged as a promising next-generation platform for targeted drug delivery in cardiovascular disorders. Exosomes are nanosized extracellular vesicles naturally secreted by cells and possess intrinsic biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, prolonged circulation, and inherent tissue-targeting capabilities. These features distinguish them from synthetic nanocarriers such as liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles. Recent advances in exosome engineering have enabled efficient cargo loading of small molecules, nucleic acids, proteins, and CRISPR components through techniques including electroporation, sonication, membrane fusion, and genetic modification of donor cells. Surface functionalization strategies, such as ligand conjugation and peptide display, further enhance cardiac-specific targeting and therapeutic precision. Preclinical studies demonstrate significant cardioprotective effects in myocardial infarction, attenuation of inflammation in atherosclerosis, reduction of fibrosis in heart failure, and improved angiogenesis in ischemic injury models. Despite encouraging experimental outcomes, major translational challenges persist, including scalable manufacturing, standardization of isolation and purification methods, cargo loading efficiency, storage stability, regulatory classification, and long-term biosafety evaluation. Addressing these barriers through interdisciplinary collaboration and adherence to Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) standards will be critical for successful clinical translation. Overall, engineered exosome-based nanocarriers represent a transformative strategy in cardiovascular drug delivery, with the potential to advance precision medicine and improve therapeutic outcomes in CVD management.