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<p>Sustainable forage production in the northwestern coastal zone of Egypt is significantly constrained by soil salinity and limited water availability, which are common challenges across the Near East and North Africa (NENA) region. This study was conducted during the 2023 growing season in Wadi Raml, Egypt, to evaluate the effects of irrigation levels (100% and 110% of crop evapotranspiration, ETc) and sowing methods (dibbling, row planting, and broadcasting) on the productivity of pearl millet (<i>Pennisetum glaucum</i>) and sorghum (<i>Sorghum bicolor</i>) under saline conditions, using a split–split plot design. The results indicated that the dibbling method significantly increased forage fresh yield by 46.46% in pearl millet and 22.27% in sorghum compared with broadcasting. Moreover, dibbling enhanced salinity tolerance and improved water use efficiency by facilitating better moisture distribution within the root zone and reducing salt accumulation. Pearl millet demonstrated higher productivity and greater tolerance to salinity than sorghum, particularly under improved irrigation conditions, whereas broadcasting was more susceptible to salinity stress. Overall, the integration of seed-in-hole sowing with optimized irrigation management can substantially improve forage productivity and support the sustainable use of salt-affected soils in semi-arid environments.</p>

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Effects of irrigation levels and sowing methods on forage productivity and soil salinity in Northwestern Egypt

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月6日

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  • Omnia M. Wassif,
  • M. Wassif,
  • Hassan El-Shaer

摘要

Sustainable forage production in the northwestern coastal zone of Egypt is significantly constrained by soil salinity and limited water availability, which are common challenges across the Near East and North Africa (NENA) region. This study was conducted during the 2023 growing season in Wadi Raml, Egypt, to evaluate the effects of irrigation levels (100% and 110% of crop evapotranspiration, ETc) and sowing methods (dibbling, row planting, and broadcasting) on the productivity of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) under saline conditions, using a split–split plot design. The results indicated that the dibbling method significantly increased forage fresh yield by 46.46% in pearl millet and 22.27% in sorghum compared with broadcasting. Moreover, dibbling enhanced salinity tolerance and improved water use efficiency by facilitating better moisture distribution within the root zone and reducing salt accumulation. Pearl millet demonstrated higher productivity and greater tolerance to salinity than sorghum, particularly under improved irrigation conditions, whereas broadcasting was more susceptible to salinity stress. Overall, the integration of seed-in-hole sowing with optimized irrigation management can substantially improve forage productivity and support the sustainable use of salt-affected soils in semi-arid environments.