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<p>Riparian zones act as crucial sinks for heavy metals (HM), with spatial distribution influenced by landscape positioning and land-use practices. This study investigated the mineralogical composition, HM contamination, and associated risks in the upland and riparian soils of the Ganga River basin. A total of 56 composite soil samples (0–20&#xa0;cm depth) were collected from five land-use types: uplands (undisturbed forest: CAL<sub>ref</sub>; conventional agriculture: CAL) and riparian zones (reservoir: RSRZ; river: RRZ; uncultivated: RZ<sub>ref</sub>). Statistical analysis revealed significantly (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05) higher concentrations of HM in cultivated soils (CAL, RSRZ, RRZ) compared to reference soils (CAL<sub>ref</sub>, RZ<sub>ref</sub>). Pollution indices (<i>I</i><sub><i>geo</i></sub>, <i>EF</i>, and <i>CF</i>) revealed high soil contamination by Cd &gt; As &gt; Ga, particularly in riparian soils. Ecological risk assessment identified high potential risks (PERI &gt; 600) in the cultivated riparian soils (RSRZ: 766, RRZ: 620) than in other soils, primarily contributed by Cd (&gt; 85%). Health risk assessment revealed that cultivated riparian soils pose significant non-carcinogenic (THI: 1.55–1.73) and carcinogenic risks (TCR: 1.06 × 10<sup>–4</sup>–1.13 × 10<sup>–4</sup>) for children, primarily due to Cr and As exposure. The dominant exposure pathway of the HM was ingestion (&gt; 88%), which was higher for children than adults. Source apportionment analysis identified mixed anthropogenic sources (36.2%), geogenic origins (26.5%), and specific agricultural inputs (9.8%) as primary factors controlling the HM distribution. The study emphasizes the impact of agricultural-induced land use changes on HM contamination in riparian soils, increasing the risk of exposure and toxicity to local communities dependent on riparian resources. </p>

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Heavy metal pollution and health risk assessment in upland and riparian soils of the Ganga River basin

  • 期刊论文

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月8日

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  • Sanchit Kumar,
  • Anshumali

摘要

Riparian zones act as crucial sinks for heavy metals (HM), with spatial distribution influenced by landscape positioning and land-use practices. This study investigated the mineralogical composition, HM contamination, and associated risks in the upland and riparian soils of the Ganga River basin. A total of 56 composite soil samples (0–20 cm depth) were collected from five land-use types: uplands (undisturbed forest: CALref; conventional agriculture: CAL) and riparian zones (reservoir: RSRZ; river: RRZ; uncultivated: RZref). Statistical analysis revealed significantly (P < 0.05) higher concentrations of HM in cultivated soils (CAL, RSRZ, RRZ) compared to reference soils (CALref, RZref). Pollution indices (Igeo, EF, and CF) revealed high soil contamination by Cd > As > Ga, particularly in riparian soils. Ecological risk assessment identified high potential risks (PERI > 600) in the cultivated riparian soils (RSRZ: 766, RRZ: 620) than in other soils, primarily contributed by Cd (> 85%). Health risk assessment revealed that cultivated riparian soils pose significant non-carcinogenic (THI: 1.55–1.73) and carcinogenic risks (TCR: 1.06 × 10–4–1.13 × 10–4) for children, primarily due to Cr and As exposure. The dominant exposure pathway of the HM was ingestion (> 88%), which was higher for children than adults. Source apportionment analysis identified mixed anthropogenic sources (36.2%), geogenic origins (26.5%), and specific agricultural inputs (9.8%) as primary factors controlling the HM distribution. The study emphasizes the impact of agricultural-induced land use changes on HM contamination in riparian soils, increasing the risk of exposure and toxicity to local communities dependent on riparian resources.