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<p>Developing environmentally friendly and high-performing solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) is crucial for advancing sustainable energy storage technologies. In this work, biodegradable corn starch (CS) is used as the polymer matrix to prepare SPEs <i>via</i> solution casting. Lithium perchlorate (LiClO<sub>4</sub>) serves as the lithium-ion source, Pluronic (a triblock copolymer of PEG and PPG) as a plasticizer, and graphene oxide (GO) as a nanofiller. The effects of salt, plasticizer, and filler content on structural, thermal, and electrochemical properties are systematically investigated. FTIR spectroscopy reveals progressive disruption of starch crystalline order upon addition of LiClO<sub>4</sub>, Pluronic, and GO, with the order parameter <i>R</i><sub>993/1015</sub> decreasing from 1.24 (neat CS) to 0.65 (optimized composite). Differential scanning calorimetry indicates that the onset decomposition temperature remains above 230&#xa0;°C for all samples, sufficient for practical applications. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) demonstrates that the optimized composition (CS/20 wt% Pluronic/40 wt% LiClO<sub>4</sub>/0.5 wt% GO) achieves a room-temperature ionic conductivity of 3.55 × 10<sup>− 5</sup> S cm<sup>− 1</sup>, nearly ten times higher than the salt-only SPE. Temperature-dependent measurements show Arrhenius behavior with an activation energy of 0.59&#xa0;eV, and the ionic conductivity reaches 6.45 × 10<sup>− 4</sup> S cm<sup>− 1</sup> at 80&#xa0;°C. The ion transference number is as high as 0.90, indicating dominant ionic conduction. Dielectric analysis reveals that the addition of Pluronic and GO significantly increases both the dielectric constant (ε′) and dielectric loss (ε″) in the low-frequency range. This increase directly reflects a higher concentration of free mobile ions and enhanced ionic conductivity, thereby independently confirming the conductivity trends obtained from impedance spectroscopy.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Pluronic and graphene oxide influence the structural properties as well as the ionic conductivity and dielectric behavior of corn starch based solid electrolytes

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月5日

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  • Muhammad Numan,
  • Sajal Arwish,
  • Khizar Hayat Khan,
  • Syed Mujtaba Shah,
  • Hazrat Hussain

摘要

Developing environmentally friendly and high-performing solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) is crucial for advancing sustainable energy storage technologies. In this work, biodegradable corn starch (CS) is used as the polymer matrix to prepare SPEs via solution casting. Lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) serves as the lithium-ion source, Pluronic (a triblock copolymer of PEG and PPG) as a plasticizer, and graphene oxide (GO) as a nanofiller. The effects of salt, plasticizer, and filler content on structural, thermal, and electrochemical properties are systematically investigated. FTIR spectroscopy reveals progressive disruption of starch crystalline order upon addition of LiClO4, Pluronic, and GO, with the order parameter R993/1015 decreasing from 1.24 (neat CS) to 0.65 (optimized composite). Differential scanning calorimetry indicates that the onset decomposition temperature remains above 230 °C for all samples, sufficient for practical applications. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) demonstrates that the optimized composition (CS/20 wt% Pluronic/40 wt% LiClO4/0.5 wt% GO) achieves a room-temperature ionic conductivity of 3.55 × 10− 5 S cm− 1, nearly ten times higher than the salt-only SPE. Temperature-dependent measurements show Arrhenius behavior with an activation energy of 0.59 eV, and the ionic conductivity reaches 6.45 × 10− 4 S cm− 1 at 80 °C. The ion transference number is as high as 0.90, indicating dominant ionic conduction. Dielectric analysis reveals that the addition of Pluronic and GO significantly increases both the dielectric constant (ε′) and dielectric loss (ε″) in the low-frequency range. This increase directly reflects a higher concentration of free mobile ions and enhanced ionic conductivity, thereby independently confirming the conductivity trends obtained from impedance spectroscopy.

Graphical abstract