Green synthesis, characterization and economic evaluation of sulfur nanoparticles using Punica granatum peel extract
摘要
A green and sustainable approach for synthesizing sulfur nanoparticles using dried Punica granatum (pomegranate) peel powder as a natural capping and stabilizing agent was carried out in the present study. Sodium thiosulphate pentahydrate (Na2S2O3·5H2O) served as the sulfur precursor, while phytochemicals in the peel extract facilitated nanoparticle formation under environmentally benign conditions. The synthesized sulfur nanoparticles were characterized using UV–visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, particle size analysis, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy and zeta potential analysis. The nanoparticles exhibited characteristic UV absorption peaks at 228.8 and 238.4 nm, orthorhombic crystalline structure with a crystallite size of 23.94 nm and an average particle size of 50.5 nm. Morphological observations revealed irregular and network-like structures, while energy-dispersive X-ray confirmed sulfur rich nanoparticles. A zeta potential of − 29.5 mV indicated moderate colloidal stability. The raw material based cost analysis revealed that 100 g of sulfur nanoparticles could be produced at ₹ 1180, highlighting the economic feasibility of the process. These findings establish pomegranate peel waste as an efficient, low-cost and eco-friendly resource for the green synthesis of sulfur nanoparticles, highlighting their potential for future sustainable applications in agriculture, medicine and material science.