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<p>MicroProteins (miPs) are a class of small proteins, typically 50–150 amino acids in length, that function as potent posttranslational regulators by disrupting the activity of larger multidomain proteins. Typically, through dominant-negative inhibition, miPs sequester their targets into nonfunctional complexes, thereby fine-tuning essential biological processes. In plants, they have emerged as key modulators of major transcription factor families, including Homeodomain–Leucine Zipper (HD-ZIP III), basic Helix–Loop–Helix (bHLH), and MADS-box proteins, which govern development, photomorphogenesis, flowering time, and stress responses. While significant progress has been made in characterizing miPs in model species such as&#xa0;<i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>&#xa0;and major crop species, their roles in perennial tree species remain largely unexplored. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the mechanisms and functions of plant miPs and provides insights into their potential significance in tree biology and forestry. We hypothesize that miPs represent a critical yet uncharacterized regulatory layer in trees that influences traits such as wood formation, perennial growth, and environmental stress resilience. Unlocking the functions of miPs in forest species could thus open new avenues for biotechnological innovation in forestry and enhance our understanding of tree adaptation to changing climates.</p>

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Microproteins as emerging master regulators of plant development and stress resilience with unexplored potential in forestry

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月13日

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  • K. C. Karthik,
  • P. Manju Elizabeth,
  • A. V. Santhoshkumar,
  • Binu N. Kamalolbhavan,
  • R. Lekshmi,
  • M. Shobith Murthy,
  • P. Y. Yathin,
  • Keisham Bindyalaxmi

摘要

MicroProteins (miPs) are a class of small proteins, typically 50–150 amino acids in length, that function as potent posttranslational regulators by disrupting the activity of larger multidomain proteins. Typically, through dominant-negative inhibition, miPs sequester their targets into nonfunctional complexes, thereby fine-tuning essential biological processes. In plants, they have emerged as key modulators of major transcription factor families, including Homeodomain–Leucine Zipper (HD-ZIP III), basic Helix–Loop–Helix (bHLH), and MADS-box proteins, which govern development, photomorphogenesis, flowering time, and stress responses. While significant progress has been made in characterizing miPs in model species such as Arabidopsis thaliana and major crop species, their roles in perennial tree species remain largely unexplored. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the mechanisms and functions of plant miPs and provides insights into their potential significance in tree biology and forestry. We hypothesize that miPs represent a critical yet uncharacterized regulatory layer in trees that influences traits such as wood formation, perennial growth, and environmental stress resilience. Unlocking the functions of miPs in forest species could thus open new avenues for biotechnological innovation in forestry and enhance our understanding of tree adaptation to changing climates.