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<p>In the present study, we document the diversity and distribution of dioecious flowering plants in Uttar Pradesh, India, based on extensive field surveys conducted over a period of four and a half years, supplemented by herbarium records and a comprehensive review of published literature. A total of 116 dioecious species, representing 70 genera and 30 families distributed across 18 orders of angiosperms, were recorded. Plant collections were systematically carried out in accordance with the forest types of the state, classified based on ecological characteristics, rainfall patterns, climatic parameters and vegetation composition. Among these, the Tropical Moist Deciduous (TMD) exhibited the highest species richness, supporting 64 dioecious species, indicating their significant role as reservoirs of reproductive diversity. The recorded taxa comprise herbs (11 species), shrubs (12 species), climbers (42 species), and trees (51 species), with a marked predominance of perennial species (97) over annuals (19). Flowering phenology indicated that the majority of species (39) flower during the monsoon season, underscoring the influence of rainfall and humidity on reproductive timing in dioecious taxa. Dioecy was found to be more common in dicots and comparatively rare in monocots. At the family level, Cucurbitaceae emerged as the most species-rich, comprising 6 genera and 12 species, followed by Dioscoreaceae (1 genus, 11 species) and Menispermaceae (8 genera, 10 species). Notably, Menispermaceae exhibited the highest generic diversity consisting 8 genera, followed by Cucurbitaceae and Phyllanthaceae (6 genera each). Ethnobotanical assessment revealed that a substantial proportion of the dioecious species possess utilitarian significance with 87 species used in traditional medicine, 62 species utilized as food plants, and 13 species valued for timber. Conservation assessment based on IUCN Red List criteria (IUCN, 2024) indicated that 56% (65 species) of the recorded taxa are categorized as Not Evaluated (NE), 41% (47 species) as Least Concern (LC), and 3% (4 species) as Data Deficient (DD). Overall, the documented dioecious taxa constitute approximately 0.69% of the total flowering plant species, 2.52% of the genera, and 11.19% of the families recorded at the national level. Within Uttar Pradesh, they represent about 4.27% of the species, 6.43% of the genera, and 16.21% of the flowering plant families.</p>

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A floristic overview and conservation status of dioecious plants of Uttar Pradesh, India

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月18日

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  • Ankita Verma,
  • Swapnil Anand,
  • Rupendra Kumar Yadav,
  • Ruchi Mani,
  • Deepak Kumar Gond

摘要

In the present study, we document the diversity and distribution of dioecious flowering plants in Uttar Pradesh, India, based on extensive field surveys conducted over a period of four and a half years, supplemented by herbarium records and a comprehensive review of published literature. A total of 116 dioecious species, representing 70 genera and 30 families distributed across 18 orders of angiosperms, were recorded. Plant collections were systematically carried out in accordance with the forest types of the state, classified based on ecological characteristics, rainfall patterns, climatic parameters and vegetation composition. Among these, the Tropical Moist Deciduous (TMD) exhibited the highest species richness, supporting 64 dioecious species, indicating their significant role as reservoirs of reproductive diversity. The recorded taxa comprise herbs (11 species), shrubs (12 species), climbers (42 species), and trees (51 species), with a marked predominance of perennial species (97) over annuals (19). Flowering phenology indicated that the majority of species (39) flower during the monsoon season, underscoring the influence of rainfall and humidity on reproductive timing in dioecious taxa. Dioecy was found to be more common in dicots and comparatively rare in monocots. At the family level, Cucurbitaceae emerged as the most species-rich, comprising 6 genera and 12 species, followed by Dioscoreaceae (1 genus, 11 species) and Menispermaceae (8 genera, 10 species). Notably, Menispermaceae exhibited the highest generic diversity consisting 8 genera, followed by Cucurbitaceae and Phyllanthaceae (6 genera each). Ethnobotanical assessment revealed that a substantial proportion of the dioecious species possess utilitarian significance with 87 species used in traditional medicine, 62 species utilized as food plants, and 13 species valued for timber. Conservation assessment based on IUCN Red List criteria (IUCN, 2024) indicated that 56% (65 species) of the recorded taxa are categorized as Not Evaluated (NE), 41% (47 species) as Least Concern (LC), and 3% (4 species) as Data Deficient (DD). Overall, the documented dioecious taxa constitute approximately 0.69% of the total flowering plant species, 2.52% of the genera, and 11.19% of the families recorded at the national level. Within Uttar Pradesh, they represent about 4.27% of the species, 6.43% of the genera, and 16.21% of the flowering plant families.