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<p>The techniques of genome editing have evolved for ages and have been divided into types of programmable site-directed nucleases (SDNs) like Mega-Nucleases, Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFNs), Transcription Activator like Effector Nuclease (TALENs), and Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR). All these nucleases revolutionized genome editing in the era of transgenic and mutation breeding. CRISPR is the dominant tool due to its precision and high-throughput capability for targeted gene modification through double-strand breaks in the host genome. This powerful and versatile tool allows precise, sequence-specific modifications in plant genomes, offering unprecedented opportunities for improving crop traits. The continuous evolution of sequence-specific genome editing has brought a significant breakthrough in agricultural research. The CRISPR-Cas system has evolved continuously to minimize off-target effects. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the evolution of SDNs and their progressive refinement from first-generation systems (ZFNs and TALENs) to the current CRISPR-based platforms. We discussed the underlying molecular mechanisms of each SDN class, their efficiency, specificity, and the repair pathways—non-homologous end joining and homology-directed repair—that govern the editing outcomes. The collective progress in these SDN-based technologies has transformed plant breeding from a time-consuming, random process into a precise, knowledge-driven discipline. By summarizing these advances and their successful implementation across major crop species, this review underscores the immense potential of genome editing as a cornerstone for next-generation sustainable agriculture.</p>

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Genome editing and its impact on crop improvement: current approaches and future prospects

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月10日

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  • Omkar Maharudra Limbalkar,
  • Prerna Srivastava,
  • Kota Revanth Reddy,
  • Shreya Lali,
  • Shambhu Krishan Lal,
  • Sujit Kumar Bishi,
  • Khela Ram Soren,
  • Vijai Pal Bhadana,
  • Sujay Rakshit,
  • Kishor U. Tribhuvan

摘要

The techniques of genome editing have evolved for ages and have been divided into types of programmable site-directed nucleases (SDNs) like Mega-Nucleases, Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFNs), Transcription Activator like Effector Nuclease (TALENs), and Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR). All these nucleases revolutionized genome editing in the era of transgenic and mutation breeding. CRISPR is the dominant tool due to its precision and high-throughput capability for targeted gene modification through double-strand breaks in the host genome. This powerful and versatile tool allows precise, sequence-specific modifications in plant genomes, offering unprecedented opportunities for improving crop traits. The continuous evolution of sequence-specific genome editing has brought a significant breakthrough in agricultural research. The CRISPR-Cas system has evolved continuously to minimize off-target effects. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the evolution of SDNs and their progressive refinement from first-generation systems (ZFNs and TALENs) to the current CRISPR-based platforms. We discussed the underlying molecular mechanisms of each SDN class, their efficiency, specificity, and the repair pathways—non-homologous end joining and homology-directed repair—that govern the editing outcomes. The collective progress in these SDN-based technologies has transformed plant breeding from a time-consuming, random process into a precise, knowledge-driven discipline. By summarizing these advances and their successful implementation across major crop species, this review underscores the immense potential of genome editing as a cornerstone for next-generation sustainable agriculture.