Characterization of gene expression and anthocyanin accumulation in Rosa damascena during petal development

Rosa damascena Mill, known as Damask rose, holds significance in the Rosaceae family due to its aesthetic appeal, aromatic essence, and cultural importance. The research presented here investigates the intricate molecular processes that regulate the growth of petals in R. damascena, with a specific emphasis on the activity of nine genes linked to the production of anthocyanin and the enlargement of petals. Furthermore, essential oil analysis was conducted to illuminate the biochemical composition underlying the development of rose petals. The quantification of anthocyanin content revealed dynamic changes throughout the different stages of petal development. Essential oil analysis unveiled elevated concentrations of crucial constituents, including β-citronellol and geraniol, within the Aligudarz genotype during the OF_PP stage. These results parallel the observed higher anthocyanin content within the same genotype and stages, underscoring a consistent association between biochemical compositions and developmental stages in R. damascena. Through gene expression analysis, it was observed that key biosynthesis genes such as CHS and CHI were upregulated during petal pigmentation (stage 3), while F3H and F3'H exhibited differential expression and higher levels of expression in stage 2, indicating their involvement in determining anthocyanin content during earlier stages of petal development. Furthermore, the expression patterns of DFR and FLS genes were explored, revealing their competing roles in regulating different branches of the anthocyanin and flavonoid pathways. Additionally, the study demonstrated variations in anthocyanin accumulation specific to different genotypes, suggesting the presence of genetic diversity within R. damascena. These findings offer insights for enhancing ornamental traits and pigment production in roses through genetic studies and breeding programs. Moreover, they contribute to a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving petal development in R. damascena.