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<p>Rare-earth (RE)-doped fluoride, tungstate, vanadate and molybdates nanoparticles have emerged as a highly versatile class of functional materials owing to their tunable electronic structures, exceptional optical properties and superior stability under photocatalytic conditions. This review provides a comprehensive assessment of recent advances in their synthetic methodologies, particle growth mechanisms and photocatalytic degradation performance toward organic pollutants. Various bottom-up and top-down synthetic strategies—including hydrothermal/solvothermal, sol–gel, microemulsion, co-precipitation and electro spinning routes—are critically discussed with emphasis on how reaction chemistry, precursor selection and growth environments control nucleation and morphological evolution. Detailed mechanistic insights into Ostwald ripening, oriented attachment, dissolution–recrystallization and defect-mediated growth processes are presented to elucidate the structure–property relationships essential for optimizing photocatalytic behavior. Furthermore, the role of rare-earth dopants in modulating charge separation, band-gap tuning, oxygen vacancy formation and energy-transfer-mediated photon utilization is examined across tungstates, fluorides, and molybdates. A comparative discussion of their photodegradation efficiencies toward dyes, pharmaceuticals, pesticides and industrial pollutants highlights key performance trends and degradation pathways. The review concludes with current challenges, emerging opportunities and future research directions aimed at achieving high-efficiency RE-doped nano-photocatalysts for environmental remediation.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Recent advances in rare earth doped fluoride molybdate tungstate and vanadate nanoparticles with insights into synthesis growth dynamics and photocatalytic applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月11日

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  • Richa Singhaal,
  • Nidhi Bhagat,
  • Niharika,
  • Haq Nawaz Sheikh

摘要

Rare-earth (RE)-doped fluoride, tungstate, vanadate and molybdates nanoparticles have emerged as a highly versatile class of functional materials owing to their tunable electronic structures, exceptional optical properties and superior stability under photocatalytic conditions. This review provides a comprehensive assessment of recent advances in their synthetic methodologies, particle growth mechanisms and photocatalytic degradation performance toward organic pollutants. Various bottom-up and top-down synthetic strategies—including hydrothermal/solvothermal, sol–gel, microemulsion, co-precipitation and electro spinning routes—are critically discussed with emphasis on how reaction chemistry, precursor selection and growth environments control nucleation and morphological evolution. Detailed mechanistic insights into Ostwald ripening, oriented attachment, dissolution–recrystallization and defect-mediated growth processes are presented to elucidate the structure–property relationships essential for optimizing photocatalytic behavior. Furthermore, the role of rare-earth dopants in modulating charge separation, band-gap tuning, oxygen vacancy formation and energy-transfer-mediated photon utilization is examined across tungstates, fluorides, and molybdates. A comparative discussion of their photodegradation efficiencies toward dyes, pharmaceuticals, pesticides and industrial pollutants highlights key performance trends and degradation pathways. The review concludes with current challenges, emerging opportunities and future research directions aimed at achieving high-efficiency RE-doped nano-photocatalysts for environmental remediation.

Graphical Abstract