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<p>Green synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles offers an eco-friendly and sustainable alternative to conventional chemical routes. In this study, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were successfully synthesized using <i>Breynia disticha</i> leaf extract as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent. Phytochemical constituents facilitated nanoparticle formation and surface capping, resulting in monoclinic CuO with ultrafine crystallite size (~ 5.8–7.9&#xa0;nm), moderate hydrodynamic size (~ 15–34&#xa0;nm), and defect-rich features including lattice strain and oxygen vacancies. FTIR confirmed Cu–O bonding at 499.67&#xa0;cm<sup>− 1</sup>, while UV–Vis analysis indicated interband transitions consistent with nanoscale CuO behavior. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed a three-stage degradation pattern, with initial moisture loss below 150&#xa0;°C, major organic decomposition around 350–370&#xa0;°C, and thermal stability above 600&#xa0;°C, confirming a stable inorganic CuO residue. The synthesized nanoparticles exhibited strong antioxidant activity, achieving 96.78% DPPH radical scavenging at 250&#xa0;µg/mL with an IC₅₀ value of 81.2&#xa0;µg/mL. This activity is attributed to synergistic interactions between phytochemical capping agents and defect-rich CuO surfaces, enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging potential. The novelty of this work lies in the use of <i>Breynia disticha</i> as an underexplored plant resource for producing thermally stable, defect-engineered CuO nanoparticles with enhanced surface reactivity. However, antioxidant evaluation was limited to in vitro analysis without replication. Overall, the study demonstrates a green and efficient route for functional CuO nanomaterial synthesis.</p>

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Breynia disticha (snowbush) leaf extract mediated green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles with antioxidant activity

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月3日

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  • Imuetinyan Eriamiatoe,
  • Loveth Ojo Oloyomeu,
  • Philip Idemudia Edogun

摘要

Green synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles offers an eco-friendly and sustainable alternative to conventional chemical routes. In this study, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were successfully synthesized using Breynia disticha leaf extract as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent. Phytochemical constituents facilitated nanoparticle formation and surface capping, resulting in monoclinic CuO with ultrafine crystallite size (~ 5.8–7.9 nm), moderate hydrodynamic size (~ 15–34 nm), and defect-rich features including lattice strain and oxygen vacancies. FTIR confirmed Cu–O bonding at 499.67 cm− 1, while UV–Vis analysis indicated interband transitions consistent with nanoscale CuO behavior. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed a three-stage degradation pattern, with initial moisture loss below 150 °C, major organic decomposition around 350–370 °C, and thermal stability above 600 °C, confirming a stable inorganic CuO residue. The synthesized nanoparticles exhibited strong antioxidant activity, achieving 96.78% DPPH radical scavenging at 250 µg/mL with an IC₅₀ value of 81.2 µg/mL. This activity is attributed to synergistic interactions between phytochemical capping agents and defect-rich CuO surfaces, enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging potential. The novelty of this work lies in the use of Breynia disticha as an underexplored plant resource for producing thermally stable, defect-engineered CuO nanoparticles with enhanced surface reactivity. However, antioxidant evaluation was limited to in vitro analysis without replication. Overall, the study demonstrates a green and efficient route for functional CuO nanomaterial synthesis.