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<p>The wet processing stage of textile manufacturing generates some of the world’s most severe pollutants; therefore, there is growing interest in sustainable, eco-friendly dyeing technologies. Eco-friendly, plant-derived natural colorants are regaining popularity as viable, non-hazardous, and quantifiable alternatives to harmful synthetic dyes. The present study investigates a dyeing process using natural dye extracted from <i>R. tinctorum</i> in combination with a plant-derived biomordant, <i>A. catechu</i>. Microwave energy was applied in a controlled, sequential manner to the dye extract, textile substrates, and the dye bath, thereby enhancing dye–fiber interactions and improving dye fixation efficiency. The main objective was to develop and examine a sustainable, eco-friendly dyeing system capable of achieving vibrant colors on fibers comparable to, or better than, those achieved with conventional metallic mordanting methods. Microwave irradiation significantly enhanced dyeability, color strength, and fastness properties across the tested textile fibers. A comparative study of colorimetric and fastness properties was conducted on naturally dyed fabrics treated with a biomordant and a binary mixture of metallic mordants (Al, Fe, Ni, and Co).The microwave-irradiated fabrics dyed with <i>R. tinctorum</i> and a biomordant exhibited improved colorimetric performance and good light, washing, and rubbing fastness compared with those dyed with metallic mordants. UV‒visible spectroscopy indicated significant dye exhaustion (up to ~ 88%), depending on fiber type. Colorimetric analysis using CIELAB parameters revealed enhanced color strength (K/S), chroma, and depth for biomordanted and microwave-treated materials. The dyed fabrics exhibited good to excellent fastness ratings (4–5), comparable to or better than those achieved with binary metallic mordants. These findings show that microwave-assisted dyeing combined with plant-based biomordants offers a sustainable and effective alternative to traditional metal-based dyeing practices.</p>

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Comparative study of microwave-assisted dyeing of textile fibers with Rubia tinctorum using biomordant and metallic mordants

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月21日

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  • Sajid Ali,
  • Muhammad Kashif Pervez,
  • Rajkumar Dewani,
  • Kehkashan Khan,
  • Suraiya Jabeen,
  • Muhammad Ali Versiani

摘要

The wet processing stage of textile manufacturing generates some of the world’s most severe pollutants; therefore, there is growing interest in sustainable, eco-friendly dyeing technologies. Eco-friendly, plant-derived natural colorants are regaining popularity as viable, non-hazardous, and quantifiable alternatives to harmful synthetic dyes. The present study investigates a dyeing process using natural dye extracted from R. tinctorum in combination with a plant-derived biomordant, A. catechu. Microwave energy was applied in a controlled, sequential manner to the dye extract, textile substrates, and the dye bath, thereby enhancing dye–fiber interactions and improving dye fixation efficiency. The main objective was to develop and examine a sustainable, eco-friendly dyeing system capable of achieving vibrant colors on fibers comparable to, or better than, those achieved with conventional metallic mordanting methods. Microwave irradiation significantly enhanced dyeability, color strength, and fastness properties across the tested textile fibers. A comparative study of colorimetric and fastness properties was conducted on naturally dyed fabrics treated with a biomordant and a binary mixture of metallic mordants (Al, Fe, Ni, and Co).The microwave-irradiated fabrics dyed with R. tinctorum and a biomordant exhibited improved colorimetric performance and good light, washing, and rubbing fastness compared with those dyed with metallic mordants. UV‒visible spectroscopy indicated significant dye exhaustion (up to ~ 88%), depending on fiber type. Colorimetric analysis using CIELAB parameters revealed enhanced color strength (K/S), chroma, and depth for biomordanted and microwave-treated materials. The dyed fabrics exhibited good to excellent fastness ratings (4–5), comparable to or better than those achieved with binary metallic mordants. These findings show that microwave-assisted dyeing combined with plant-based biomordants offers a sustainable and effective alternative to traditional metal-based dyeing practices.