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Background <p><i>Eranthemum pulchellum</i>, a member of the Acanthaceae family, is known for its traditional therapeutic properties. To evaluate the phytochemical composition and biological activities of <i>E. pulchellum</i> Andrews extracts prepared using different solvents.</p> Methodology <p>Leaf extracts were prepared using methanol, ethyl acetate, and <i>n</i>-hexane. Phytochemical constituents and total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin contents were estimated. Antioxidant activity was assessed using multiple in vitro assays, while anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated via protein denaturation. Antibacterial activity was determined using the disc diffusion method. The methanolic extract was further characterized using liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS).</p> Results <p>Phytochemical screening showed the detection of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, terpenoids, steroids, and carbohydrates. The methanolic extract exhibited the highest TPC (365.43 ± 5.80&#xa0;mg GAE/g), TFC (171.59 ± 6.75&#xa0;mg QE/g), and TTC (181.26 ± 5.38&#xa0;mg TAE/g). It also showed strong antioxidant activity in DPPH (IC₅₀ = 14.70 ± 0.77&#xa0;µg/ml) and ABTS (IC₅₀ = 15.23 ± 0.89&#xa0;µg/ml) assays. FRAP results were expressed as reducing power (mg AAE/g), with the methanolic extract showing the highest activity. The methanolic extract demonstrated moderate in vitro anti-inflammatory activity (IC₅₀ = 93.10 ± 3.60&#xa0;µg/ml). However, antibacterial activity was weak, with a maximum zone of inhibition of 1.65 ± 0.11&#xa0;mm against <i>P. aeruginosa</i>. Liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS) analysis revealed a diverse range of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids such as 4-flavanol, quercetagetin, and myricetin.</p> Conclusion <p>The study demonstrates that <i>E. pulchellum</i> exhibits good antioxidant potential and moderate anti-inflammatory activity, which may be attributed to its rich phytochemical composition. Although antibacterial effects were observed, but the effect was weak. These findings highlight the potential of <i>E. pulchellum</i> as a source of bioactive compounds and support further detailed pharmacological and in vivo investigations.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Comprehensive analysis of phytochemical profiling, polyphenol content, in-vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial properties of Eranthemum pulchellum Andrews

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月28日

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  • Jyoti Darmwal,
  • Pushpa Joshi,
  • Neelam Rawat,
  • Sapna,
  • Megha Pandey,
  • Shubham Kathuria

摘要

Background

Eranthemum pulchellum, a member of the Acanthaceae family, is known for its traditional therapeutic properties. To evaluate the phytochemical composition and biological activities of E. pulchellum Andrews extracts prepared using different solvents.

Methodology

Leaf extracts were prepared using methanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane. Phytochemical constituents and total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin contents were estimated. Antioxidant activity was assessed using multiple in vitro assays, while anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated via protein denaturation. Antibacterial activity was determined using the disc diffusion method. The methanolic extract was further characterized using liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS).

Results

Phytochemical screening showed the detection of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, terpenoids, steroids, and carbohydrates. The methanolic extract exhibited the highest TPC (365.43 ± 5.80 mg GAE/g), TFC (171.59 ± 6.75 mg QE/g), and TTC (181.26 ± 5.38 mg TAE/g). It also showed strong antioxidant activity in DPPH (IC₅₀ = 14.70 ± 0.77 µg/ml) and ABTS (IC₅₀ = 15.23 ± 0.89 µg/ml) assays. FRAP results were expressed as reducing power (mg AAE/g), with the methanolic extract showing the highest activity. The methanolic extract demonstrated moderate in vitro anti-inflammatory activity (IC₅₀ = 93.10 ± 3.60 µg/ml). However, antibacterial activity was weak, with a maximum zone of inhibition of 1.65 ± 0.11 mm against P. aeruginosa. Liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS) analysis revealed a diverse range of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids such as 4-flavanol, quercetagetin, and myricetin.

Conclusion

The study demonstrates that E. pulchellum exhibits good antioxidant potential and moderate anti-inflammatory activity, which may be attributed to its rich phytochemical composition. Although antibacterial effects were observed, but the effect was weak. These findings highlight the potential of E. pulchellum as a source of bioactive compounds and support further detailed pharmacological and in vivo investigations.

Graphical Abstract