Sustainability driven circular biochar-based electrodes synthesis for lithium-ion batteries

Batteries are essential for powering a wide range of technologies, from nanoelectronics to large-scale devices and electric vehicles. Among them, the lithium-ion batteries are widely regarded as a reliable, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective source of energy. This paper provides a comprehensive review of carbon-based materials with potential uses in lithium-ion batteries, the latest advancements in synthesis process, emerging modelling methods to predict degradation mechanism on different applications and intriguing discussion on prospect for these biogenic derived materials in battery development. Several synthesis pathways were examined, including thermochemical processes such as pyrolysis, as well as different doping process. Each synthesis process presents distinct advantages and limitations concerning electrochemical performance and physico-mechanical characteristics. As global interest in uses of biochar-derived materials for energy storage production to minimize ecological footprint, thermochemical conversion technologies are considered one of the most effective routes for establishing a sustainable bio-char supply chain.