Scholarlink

<p>This study presents a comparative evaluation of green-synthesized silver (AgNP), copper (CuNP), and zinc (ZnNP) nanoparticle-based soaps, using a commercial formulation (Soap A) as a benchmark. UV–Vis spectroscopy confirmed successful nanoparticle incorporation, with characteristic optical signatures at 414&#xa0;nm (AgNP), 630&#xa0;nm (CuNP), and 300&#xa0;nm (ZnNP). FTIR analysis further revealed metal–oxygen vibrations and coordination between nanoparticles and soap functional groups, indicating enhanced chemical stabilization and reduced aggregation within the soap matrix. Antimicrobial assays showed clear differences among the formulations. AgNP-soap exhibited the strongest broad-spectrum activity across Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and fungal species. CuNP-soap was particularly effective against Gram-negative organisms such as <i>(A) baumannii</i> and <i>E. coli</i>, whereas ZnNP-soap demonstrated superior performance against Gram-positive strains including <i>S. mutans</i>, <i>S. lentus</i>, and <i>(B) subtilis</i>. In contrast, Soap A displayed limited and selective antimicrobial activity, producing inhibition only at higher concentrations and frequently showing no activity at moderate or low levels. While it outperformed the nanoparticle soaps against certain fungi (<i>A. niger</i>, <i>F. oxysporum</i>), it showed poor or no activity against most bacteria. MIC and MBC results supported these trends: all nanoparticle soaps achieved MICs at 50&#xa0;mg/L and MBCs at 100–200&#xa0;mg/L, whereas Soap A required higher concentrations and failed to eliminate most bacterial strains which shows its activity to be selective. Physicochemical analysis confirmed that nanoparticle soaps met regulatory standards, with uniform pH (6.30 ± 0.02), hardness (1.2–1.3&#xa0;cm), foamability (6.7–6.9&#xa0;cm), solubility (0.80–0.82&#xa0;g), and TFM (54–55%). Soap A exhibited lower TFM (50%), higher hardness, stronger foamability, and lower solubility. After 12 months, all nanoparticle soaps retained structural integrity and microbial safety, demonstrating superior stability. Overall, the results confirm that nanoparticle-based soaps provide enhanced antimicrobial activity, improved physicochemical quality, and greater durability than the commercial benchmark, supporting their potential as next-generation hygiene products.</p>

错误：搜索内容不能为空，请输入英文关键词
错误：关键词超出字数限制，请精简
高级检索

Comparative study of the physicochemical, antimicrobial and stability properties of silver, copper and zinc nanoparticle soaps

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月28日

查看全文
  • Aliyu Shehu,
  • Okunola Oluwole Joshua,
  • Uduma A. Uduma

摘要

This study presents a comparative evaluation of green-synthesized silver (AgNP), copper (CuNP), and zinc (ZnNP) nanoparticle-based soaps, using a commercial formulation (Soap A) as a benchmark. UV–Vis spectroscopy confirmed successful nanoparticle incorporation, with characteristic optical signatures at 414 nm (AgNP), 630 nm (CuNP), and 300 nm (ZnNP). FTIR analysis further revealed metal–oxygen vibrations and coordination between nanoparticles and soap functional groups, indicating enhanced chemical stabilization and reduced aggregation within the soap matrix. Antimicrobial assays showed clear differences among the formulations. AgNP-soap exhibited the strongest broad-spectrum activity across Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and fungal species. CuNP-soap was particularly effective against Gram-negative organisms such as (A) baumannii and E. coli, whereas ZnNP-soap demonstrated superior performance against Gram-positive strains including S. mutans, S. lentus, and (B) subtilis. In contrast, Soap A displayed limited and selective antimicrobial activity, producing inhibition only at higher concentrations and frequently showing no activity at moderate or low levels. While it outperformed the nanoparticle soaps against certain fungi (A. niger, F. oxysporum), it showed poor or no activity against most bacteria. MIC and MBC results supported these trends: all nanoparticle soaps achieved MICs at 50 mg/L and MBCs at 100–200 mg/L, whereas Soap A required higher concentrations and failed to eliminate most bacterial strains which shows its activity to be selective. Physicochemical analysis confirmed that nanoparticle soaps met regulatory standards, with uniform pH (6.30 ± 0.02), hardness (1.2–1.3 cm), foamability (6.7–6.9 cm), solubility (0.80–0.82 g), and TFM (54–55%). Soap A exhibited lower TFM (50%), higher hardness, stronger foamability, and lower solubility. After 12 months, all nanoparticle soaps retained structural integrity and microbial safety, demonstrating superior stability. Overall, the results confirm that nanoparticle-based soaps provide enhanced antimicrobial activity, improved physicochemical quality, and greater durability than the commercial benchmark, supporting their potential as next-generation hygiene products.