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<p>This study reports the sustainable valorization of chicken bone waste into high-performance activated carbon (CBAC) for the removal of malathion, an organophosphorus pesticide, from aqueous systems. CBAC was synthesized via KOH activation at 800&#xa0;°C, yielding a microporous material with a BET surface area of 1,125&#xa0;m²/g and total pore volume of 0.92&#xa0;cm³/g. FTIR, SEM, and BET analyses confirmed the presence of abundant oxygen-containing functional groups and a highly developed pore structure. Adsorption experiments revealed a maximum capacity of 84.03&#xa0;mg/g for malathion at an initial concentration of 40&#xa0;mg/L, with an optimal pH of 6.0 achieving 96.4% removal efficiency. Batch adsorption studies revealed optimal performance at pH 6, with an equilibrium adsorption capacity of 142.8&#xa0;mg/g, fitting well to the Langmuir isotherm (R² = 0.992) and pseudo-second-order kinetics (R² = 0.987). The intra-particle diffusion model indicated a multi-stage adsorption mechanism involving surface interaction and pore diffusion. Comparative tests demonstrated CBAC’s superior efficiency over commercial activated carbon. The adsorption process was thermodynamically spontaneous and endothermic. A preliminary cost estimation suggested that CBAC production from waste chicken bones is economically feasible, supporting its potential for large-scale application. This work demonstrates a circular bioeconomy approach to waste valorization while offering an effective and low-cost adsorbent for pesticide remediation.</p>

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Sustainable valorization of chicken bone waste into high-performance activated carbon for efficient removal of organophosphorus pesticides

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月19日

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  • Sarifah Supri,
  • Tan Wan Lim,
  • Mohd Nazri Abdul Rahman,
  • Pavalee Chompoorat Tridtitanakiat,
  • Kobun Rovina

摘要

This study reports the sustainable valorization of chicken bone waste into high-performance activated carbon (CBAC) for the removal of malathion, an organophosphorus pesticide, from aqueous systems. CBAC was synthesized via KOH activation at 800 °C, yielding a microporous material with a BET surface area of 1,125 m²/g and total pore volume of 0.92 cm³/g. FTIR, SEM, and BET analyses confirmed the presence of abundant oxygen-containing functional groups and a highly developed pore structure. Adsorption experiments revealed a maximum capacity of 84.03 mg/g for malathion at an initial concentration of 40 mg/L, with an optimal pH of 6.0 achieving 96.4% removal efficiency. Batch adsorption studies revealed optimal performance at pH 6, with an equilibrium adsorption capacity of 142.8 mg/g, fitting well to the Langmuir isotherm (R² = 0.992) and pseudo-second-order kinetics (R² = 0.987). The intra-particle diffusion model indicated a multi-stage adsorption mechanism involving surface interaction and pore diffusion. Comparative tests demonstrated CBAC’s superior efficiency over commercial activated carbon. The adsorption process was thermodynamically spontaneous and endothermic. A preliminary cost estimation suggested that CBAC production from waste chicken bones is economically feasible, supporting its potential for large-scale application. This work demonstrates a circular bioeconomy approach to waste valorization while offering an effective and low-cost adsorbent for pesticide remediation.