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<p>Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are tiny carbon nanomaterials composed of a few layers of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb structure. They possess unique electrochemical, electrical, and optical properties due to their quantum confinement and edge effects. These properties, along with low toxicity, high biocompatibility, and surface functionalization, make GQDs ideal for biomedical applications. This review aims to explore and critically evaluate the diagnostic and therapeutic roles of GQDs in the management of diabetes mellitus—a metabolic disorder with growing global prevalence. We highlight the development of sensitive and selective GQD-based glucose biosensors, wearable diagnostic devices, and novel drug delivery systems using GQDs for anti-diabetic agents such as metformin and vanadium complexes. Additionally, we discuss the role of GQDs in diabetic wound healing and their emerging application in bioimaging and insulin detection. The review also covers toxicity, biocompatibility, synthesis methods, and future prospects of GQD integration with AI and personalized medicine. A comprehensive toxicity analysis of published data illustrates that most human and animal cell lines typically show high cell viability (&gt; 80%) at doses up to 500&#xa0;µg/ml. Further in vivo studies show tolerance in zebrafish embryos, mice, and <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i>, with no appreciable adverse effects at tested dosages. For a complete achievement of their therapeutic potential, future investigations must rely on reproducing expandable, repeatable synthesis techniques, concentrating surface functionality for targeted distribution, and conducting exhaustive longitudinal toxicity evaluations. Therefore, to bring GQDs closer to safe and effective therapeutic applications in diabetes and other diseases, these strategies are critical. Hence, this review provides an overview of the potential of GQDs in revolutionizing diabetes diagnosis and treatment.</p>

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A review on the applications of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) in diabetic complications

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月28日

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  • Subhajit Maity,
  • Susanta Sadhukhan,
  • Sudakshina Ghosh,
  • Madhusudan Das

摘要

Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are tiny carbon nanomaterials composed of a few layers of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb structure. They possess unique electrochemical, electrical, and optical properties due to their quantum confinement and edge effects. These properties, along with low toxicity, high biocompatibility, and surface functionalization, make GQDs ideal for biomedical applications. This review aims to explore and critically evaluate the diagnostic and therapeutic roles of GQDs in the management of diabetes mellitus—a metabolic disorder with growing global prevalence. We highlight the development of sensitive and selective GQD-based glucose biosensors, wearable diagnostic devices, and novel drug delivery systems using GQDs for anti-diabetic agents such as metformin and vanadium complexes. Additionally, we discuss the role of GQDs in diabetic wound healing and their emerging application in bioimaging and insulin detection. The review also covers toxicity, biocompatibility, synthesis methods, and future prospects of GQD integration with AI and personalized medicine. A comprehensive toxicity analysis of published data illustrates that most human and animal cell lines typically show high cell viability (> 80%) at doses up to 500 µg/ml. Further in vivo studies show tolerance in zebrafish embryos, mice, and Caenorhabditis elegans, with no appreciable adverse effects at tested dosages. For a complete achievement of their therapeutic potential, future investigations must rely on reproducing expandable, repeatable synthesis techniques, concentrating surface functionality for targeted distribution, and conducting exhaustive longitudinal toxicity evaluations. Therefore, to bring GQDs closer to safe and effective therapeutic applications in diabetes and other diseases, these strategies are critical. Hence, this review provides an overview of the potential of GQDs in revolutionizing diabetes diagnosis and treatment.