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<p>Using a Taguchi factorial design that considered five factors (Temperature, pH, Reaction time, Precursor concentration, Agitation) at four levels, the synthesis and optimization of zinc nanoparticles (ZnNPs) were successfully carried out. Optimal synthesis conditions were achieved, meaning the combination of parameters that resulted in the most favorable nanoparticle characteristics (size, shape, and dispersion). This led to an absorbance peak of 1.33&#xa0;nm, indicating efficient nanoparticle formation. Neem seed, black seed, and baobab seed extracts were used as reducing and stabilizing agents during synthesis. UV-Vis spectroscopy confirmed the successful synthesis with a characteristic SPR peak at 290&#xa0;nm. FTIR analysis revealed the presence of functional groups such as Zn–O, C–O, HOH, CO₂, and OH, associated with capping agents and surface modifications. SEM imaging displayed the ellipsoidal shape of the nanoparticles, while EDX spectroscopy identified Zn as the predominant element (50.45%) alongside C, O, Si, Gd, K, Ti, and V. XRD analysis confirmed the face-centered cubic crystalline structure of ZnNPs, with an average particle size of 27.6&#xa0;nm. Antimicrobial assays demonstrated that ZnNPs exhibited significant inhibitory effects, particularly against Gram-positive bacteria: <i>S. mutans</i> (19&#xa0;mm inhibition at 500 ppm<i>)</i>,<i> S. lentus</i> (18&#xa0;mm), and <i>B. subtilis</i> (17&#xa0;mm). Gram-negative bacteria and fungal pathogens exhibited inhibition zones ranging from 11&#xa0;mm to 14&#xa0;mm at comparable concentrations. MIC values were determined at 50 ppm for Gram-positive bacteria, 100 ppm for Gram-negative bacteria, and 50 ppm for fungi. The MBC values ranged from 100 ppm for certain bacteria to 200 ppm for others. Optimized ZnNPs show strong potential for therapeutic applications against pathogenic microorganisms, contributing to sustainable and green nanotechnology.</p>

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Unveiling the potential of a tri-seed synthesis approach: synthesis of zinc nanoparticles with enhanced antimicrobial properties

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月8日

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  • Aliyu Shehu,
  • Oluwole Okunola Joshua,
  • Uduma A. Uduma

摘要

Using a Taguchi factorial design that considered five factors (Temperature, pH, Reaction time, Precursor concentration, Agitation) at four levels, the synthesis and optimization of zinc nanoparticles (ZnNPs) were successfully carried out. Optimal synthesis conditions were achieved, meaning the combination of parameters that resulted in the most favorable nanoparticle characteristics (size, shape, and dispersion). This led to an absorbance peak of 1.33 nm, indicating efficient nanoparticle formation. Neem seed, black seed, and baobab seed extracts were used as reducing and stabilizing agents during synthesis. UV-Vis spectroscopy confirmed the successful synthesis with a characteristic SPR peak at 290 nm. FTIR analysis revealed the presence of functional groups such as Zn–O, C–O, HOH, CO₂, and OH, associated with capping agents and surface modifications. SEM imaging displayed the ellipsoidal shape of the nanoparticles, while EDX spectroscopy identified Zn as the predominant element (50.45%) alongside C, O, Si, Gd, K, Ti, and V. XRD analysis confirmed the face-centered cubic crystalline structure of ZnNPs, with an average particle size of 27.6 nm. Antimicrobial assays demonstrated that ZnNPs exhibited significant inhibitory effects, particularly against Gram-positive bacteria: S. mutans (19 mm inhibition at 500 ppm), S. lentus (18 mm), and B. subtilis (17 mm). Gram-negative bacteria and fungal pathogens exhibited inhibition zones ranging from 11 mm to 14 mm at comparable concentrations. MIC values were determined at 50 ppm for Gram-positive bacteria, 100 ppm for Gram-negative bacteria, and 50 ppm for fungi. The MBC values ranged from 100 ppm for certain bacteria to 200 ppm for others. Optimized ZnNPs show strong potential for therapeutic applications against pathogenic microorganisms, contributing to sustainable and green nanotechnology.