<p>Pesticides are physical or biological agents, and their quantities in the surroundings must be controlled and closely monitored since they are hazardous to people, animals, and the environment. Although there are traditional methods for detecting pesticides, such as gas chromatography/liquid chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC/LC–MS), researchers have recently developed alternative approaches due to the modern methods’ affordability, environmental friendliness, and ease of use. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) relies on the optical properties of nanostructured materials to significantly amplify Raman signals, enabling sensitive and rapid detection of pesticide residues. By functionalizing nanoparticles (NPs) with specific receptors, these sensors provide efficient environmental monitoring and management through prompt and sensitive pollution detection. This review addresses the limitations of traditional pesticide detection methods and examines the role of nanomaterials (NMs) in enhancing SERS-based detection. Further, it will summarize the potential of NMs in transforming pesticide detection and improving accuracy and efficiency through advances in nanostructure design and SERS technologies.</p>