<p>Evacuation is a critical strategy for reducing the risks associated with cyclones in coastal Bangladesh. However, evacuation remains low due to the underlying social and institutional barriers. Drawing on a political ecology perspective, this study investigates the sociocultural and governance challenges that shape evacuation behaviour of coastal communities. We draw on qualitative fieldwork—including interviews and group discussions—to explore the lived experiences of coastal community members in relation to cyclone evacuation. The findings reveal that patriarchal norms, gendered power relations and social class disparities restrict women’s ability to evacuate, particularly among lower-income households. Furthermore, hierarchical relationships between local elites and villagers inhibit autonomous decision-making. These social constraints are compounded by persistent governance failures, including inadequate infrastructure, limited cyclone shelter capacity and ineffective communication of early warnings. By highlighting the entanglement of sociocultural dynamics and institutional weaknesses, this study contributes to disaster governance literature and offers actionable insights for more socially attuned and equitable disaster risk mitigation programs and policies.</p>