<p>The new quality productive forces are a strong driving and supporting force in the high-quality development of enterprises. It is thus crucial to study the driving factors underlying the development of enterprises. Using data on Chinese A-share listed companies from 2010 to 2022, this paper empirically analyzes the impact of artificial intelligence on the new quality productive forces of enterprises. It is found that: (1) artificial intelligence significantly impacts the improvement of new quality productive forces of enterprises; (2) innovation-drivenness plays a mediating role in the relationship between artificial intelligence and the new quality productive forces of enterprises; (3) market competition plays a positive moderating role in the relationship between artificial intelligence and the new quality productive forces of enterprises; (4) compared with enterprises in central and western regions and those with severe financing constraints, enterprises in eastern regions and those with liberal financing constraints can better develop new quality productive forces by utilizing artificial intelligence. These conclusions provide theoretical support for the use of artificial intelligence in improving new quality productive forces, enriching the relevant empirical research, especially in the fields of innovation management and enterprise strategy, and promote the in-depth understanding of how artificial intelligence, as a key technological force can promote the development of new quality productive forces through innovation and by enhancing the competitiveness of enterprises.</p>