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<p>Piezoelectric polymers, especially Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), prized for flexibility, chemical inertness, and ease of fabrication, are emerging as prime energy harvesters to power microelectronics and wearables. This review critically examines contemporary methodologies for characterizing the dielectric, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric properties of PVDF and related composites. Structural characterization focuses on advancements in detecting and determining the β-phase content of PVDF using X-ray diffraction, Raman, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Dielectric characterization delves into the analysis and measurement of frequency-dependent dielectric permittivity, loss tangent, and impedance, considering the influence of bias voltage, the physical interpretation of loss tangent, and the correlation between ac conductivity and the electroactive phase fraction. Ferroelectric characterization analyzes polarization–electric field hysteresis loops, emphasizing the significance of remanent polarization, coercive field, and the relationship between energy storage density and piezoelectric performance. The core section compares piezoelectric coefficient measurements with piezoelectric force microscopy for bulk and nanomaterials. The current and voltage measurement subsection addresses common pitfalls and misconceptions, providing detailed procedures for estimating instantaneous and maximum power, induced charge, and harvested energy through resistor and capacitor loading. The critical role of rectification, including the selection of fast recovery diodes and the mitigation of output discrepancies during compression and relaxation cycles, is thoroughly discussed. The review concludes by addressing the impact of the triboelectric effect on piezoelectric signals and outlining strategies to isolate and minimize this extraneous contribution effectively. This review highlights the lacunas of the most practiced piezoelectric characterization techniques and suggests various modifications for standardization.</p>

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Current trends of characterization techniques for PVDF and related composite piezoelectric materials for nanogenerator

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月21日

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  • Sakti Prasanna Muduli,
  • Loree Lipsa,
  • Sabyasachi Parida

摘要

Piezoelectric polymers, especially Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), prized for flexibility, chemical inertness, and ease of fabrication, are emerging as prime energy harvesters to power microelectronics and wearables. This review critically examines contemporary methodologies for characterizing the dielectric, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric properties of PVDF and related composites. Structural characterization focuses on advancements in detecting and determining the β-phase content of PVDF using X-ray diffraction, Raman, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Dielectric characterization delves into the analysis and measurement of frequency-dependent dielectric permittivity, loss tangent, and impedance, considering the influence of bias voltage, the physical interpretation of loss tangent, and the correlation between ac conductivity and the electroactive phase fraction. Ferroelectric characterization analyzes polarization–electric field hysteresis loops, emphasizing the significance of remanent polarization, coercive field, and the relationship between energy storage density and piezoelectric performance. The core section compares piezoelectric coefficient measurements with piezoelectric force microscopy for bulk and nanomaterials. The current and voltage measurement subsection addresses common pitfalls and misconceptions, providing detailed procedures for estimating instantaneous and maximum power, induced charge, and harvested energy through resistor and capacitor loading. The critical role of rectification, including the selection of fast recovery diodes and the mitigation of output discrepancies during compression and relaxation cycles, is thoroughly discussed. The review concludes by addressing the impact of the triboelectric effect on piezoelectric signals and outlining strategies to isolate and minimize this extraneous contribution effectively. This review highlights the lacunas of the most practiced piezoelectric characterization techniques and suggests various modifications for standardization.