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<p>The study is part of an extensive survey of the mineralogy of the Panasqueira W–Sn–Cu deposit (Central Portugal), aimed at deciphering the main factors controlling ore deposition in space and time. Wolframite was deposited in several stages: Stages I and II correspond to the primary tungsten mineralisation in quartz-wolframite veins with tourmalinized wallrocks. In stage III, deposition of wolframite, quantitatively minor, was followed by cassiterite and sulphides. In stage IV, spectacular “collector” wolframite was deposited in tubular vugs, together with cassiterite, arsenopyrite, muscovite, and apatite. Wolframite at Panasqueira is overwhelmingly ferberitic, with Fe/(Fe + Mn) ratios predominantly between 0.81 and 0.86, but Mn-rich patches, microcracks and rims developed in Stage IV. The Fe and Mn contents of wolframite record the contributions from metamorphic, magmatic, and subsolidus interaction-derived fluids. From Stages I-II to IV, fluids evolved from dominantly Fe-rich to progressively enriched in Mn through mixing with an Mn-rich fluid end-member sourced in rare-metal granites (either magmatic fluids or a result of fluid-rock interaction). Wolframite thus provides a sensitive tracer of both the structural dynamics of the vein system and the episodic magmatic–hydrothermal contributions sustaining tungsten mineralisation at Panasqueira.</p>

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Fe, Mn and Nb variations in the hübnerite ferberite solid solution at Panasqueira reveal fluid composition and evolution

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月24日

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  • Christian Marignac,
  • Michel Cathelineau

摘要

The study is part of an extensive survey of the mineralogy of the Panasqueira W–Sn–Cu deposit (Central Portugal), aimed at deciphering the main factors controlling ore deposition in space and time. Wolframite was deposited in several stages: Stages I and II correspond to the primary tungsten mineralisation in quartz-wolframite veins with tourmalinized wallrocks. In stage III, deposition of wolframite, quantitatively minor, was followed by cassiterite and sulphides. In stage IV, spectacular “collector” wolframite was deposited in tubular vugs, together with cassiterite, arsenopyrite, muscovite, and apatite. Wolframite at Panasqueira is overwhelmingly ferberitic, with Fe/(Fe + Mn) ratios predominantly between 0.81 and 0.86, but Mn-rich patches, microcracks and rims developed in Stage IV. The Fe and Mn contents of wolframite record the contributions from metamorphic, magmatic, and subsolidus interaction-derived fluids. From Stages I-II to IV, fluids evolved from dominantly Fe-rich to progressively enriched in Mn through mixing with an Mn-rich fluid end-member sourced in rare-metal granites (either magmatic fluids or a result of fluid-rock interaction). Wolframite thus provides a sensitive tracer of both the structural dynamics of the vein system and the episodic magmatic–hydrothermal contributions sustaining tungsten mineralisation at Panasqueira.